he$pfu$ and hand in fhand in further studurther stud..
Ra%e'ee" an" Can#la Ra%e'ee" an" Can#la
Rape!eed adapt! Bell to loB fertilit !oil!, b"t Bith hi7h !"lf"r content. @ith a hi7h oil ield 831' Rape!eed adapt! Bell to loB fertilit !oil!, b"t Bith hi7h !"lf"r content. @ith a hi7h oil ield 831' 51F:, it ma be 7roBn a! a Binter<cover crop, alloB! do"ble c"ltivation and crop rotation.
51F:, it ma be 7roBn a! a Binter<cover crop, alloB! do"ble c"ltivation and crop rotation.
It i! the mo!t important raB material for biodie!el prod"ction in the $"ropean Comm"nit. It i! the mo!t important raB material for biodie!el prod"ction in the $"ropean Comm"nit. ;oBever, there Bere technolo7ical limitation! for !oBin7 and har< ve!tin7 in !ome Central and ;oBever, there Bere technolo7ical limitation! for !oBin7 and har< ve!tin7 in !ome Central and So"th American co"ntrie!, mainl d"e to the lack of ade"ate information abo"t fertiliEation, !eed So"th American co"ntrie!, mainl d"e to the lack of ade"ate information abo"t fertiliEation, !eed handlin7, and !tora7e 8the !eed! are ver !mall and re"ire !pecialiEed a7ric"lt"ral machiner:. handlin7, and !tora7e 8the !eed! are ver !mall and re"ire !pecialiEed a7ric"lt"ral machiner:. *oreover, loB price! in compari!on to Bheat 8it! main competitor for crop rotation: and loB *oreover, loB price! in compari!on to Bheat 8it! main competitor for crop rotation: and loB prod"ction per "nit area have limited it! "!e.
prod"ction per "nit area have limited it! "!e.
Rape!eed o"r ha! hi7h n"tritional val"e, in compari!on to !obean it i! "!ed a! a protein Rape!eed o"r ha! hi7h n"tritional val"e, in compari!on to !obean it i! "!ed a! a protein !"pplement in cattle ration!.
!"pplement in cattle ration!.
Sometime! canola and rape!eed are con!idered to be !nonmo"! canola 8Canadian oil loB Sometime! canola and rape!eed are con!idered to be !nonmo"! canola 8Canadian oil loB acid: i! the re!"lt of the 7enetic modication of rape!eed in the pa!t 31 ear!, in Canada, to red"ce acid: i! the re!"lt of the 7enetic modication of rape!eed in the pa!t 31 ear!, in Canada, to red"ce the content of er"cic acid and 7l"co!inolate! in rape!eed oil, Bhich ca"!e! inconvenience Bhen the content of er"cic acid and 7l"co!inolate! in rape!eed oil, Bhich ca"!e! inconvenience Bhen "!ed in animal and h"man con!"mption.
"!ed in animal and h"man con!"mption.
Canola oil i! hi7hl appreciated d"e to it! hi7h "alit, and Bith olive oil, it i! con!idered a! one Canola oil i! hi7hl appreciated d"e to it! hi7h "alit, and Bith olive oil, it i! con!idered a! one of the be!t for cookin7 a!
of the be!t for cookin7 a! it help! to red"ce blood chole!terol level!.it help! to red"ce blood chole!terol level!.
S#,)ean S#,)ean
It i! a le7"me ori7inatin7 in $a!t A!ia. #ependin7 on environmental condition! and 7enetic It i! a le7"me ori7inatin7 in $a!t A!ia. #ependin7 on environmental condition! and 7enetic varietie!, the plant! !hoB Bide variation! in hei7ht. +eadin7 !obean prod"cin7 co"ntrie! are the varietie!, the plant! !hoB Bide variation! in hei7ht. +eadin7 !obean prod"cin7 co"ntrie! are the nited State!, (raEil, Ar7entina, China, and India.
nited State!, (raEil, Ar7entina, China, and India.
(iodie!el prod"ction form !obean ield! other val"able !"b<prod"ct! in addition to 7lcerin- (iodie!el prod"ction form !obean ield! other val"able !"b<prod"ct! in addition to 7lcerin- !obean meal and pellet! 8"!ed a! food for live!tock: and o"r 8Bhich have a hi7h content of !obean meal and pellet! 8"!ed a! food for live!tock: and o"r 8Bhich have a hi7h content of lecithin, a protein:. %rain ield varie! betBeen 4,111 and 3,111 k7>hectare. Since the !eed! are ver lecithin, a protein:. %rain ield varie! betBeen 4,111 and 3,111 k7>hectare. Since the !eed! are ver rich in protein, oil content i! aro"nd 6F.
rich in protein, oil content i! aro"nd 6F.
O!l -al& O!l -al&
Oil palm i! a tropical plant that reache! a hei7ht of 41'45 m Bith a life ccle of abo"t 45 ear!. Oil palm i! a tropical plant that reache! a hei7ht of 41'45 m Bith a life ccle of abo"t 45 ear!. 9"ll prod"ction i! reached 6 ear!
9"ll prod"ction i! reached 6 ear! after plantin7.after plantin7.
TBo kind! of oil are obtained from the fr"it- palm oil proper, from the p"lp, and palm kernel oil, TBo kind! of oil are obtained from the fr"it- palm oil proper, from the p"lp, and palm kernel oil, from the n"t of the fr"it 8after oil e?traction, palm kernel cake i! "!ed a! live!tock food:. Several from the n"t of the fr"it 8after oil e?traction, palm kernel cake i! "!ed a! live!tock food:. Several hi7h oil<ield varietie! have been developed. Indone!ia and *ala!ia are the leadin7 prod"cer!. hi7h oil<ield varietie! have been developed. Indone!ia and *ala!ia are the leadin7 prod"cer!.
International demand for palm oil ha! increa!ed !teadil d"rin7 the pa!t ear!, the oil bein7 "!ed International demand for palm oil ha! increa!ed !teadil d"rin7 the pa!t ear!, the oil bein7 "!ed for cookin7, and a! a raB material for mar7arine prod"ction and a! an additive for b"tter and for cookin7, and a! a raB material for mar7arine prod"ction and a! an additive for b"tter and baker prod"ct!.
baker prod"ct!. It i!
It i! imporimportant to tant to remarremark k that p"re palm that p"re palm oil i! oil i! !emi!!emi!olid at olid at room temperaroom temperat"re8t"re841'44+C:, a41'44+C:, and innd in man application! i! mi?ed Bith other ve7etable oil!, !ometime! partiall hdro7enated.
man application! i! mi?ed Bith other ve7etable oil!, !ometime! partiall hdro7enated.
Sn$l#5er Sn$l#5er
S"noBer LL!eed!MM are reall a fr"it, the inedible Ball 8h"!k: !"rro"ndin7 the !eed that i! in the S"noBer LL!eed!MM are reall a fr"it, the inedible Ball 8h"!k: !"rro"ndin7 the !eed that i! in the kernel.
kernel.
The 7reat importance of !"noBer lie! in the e?cellent "alit of the edible oil e?tracted from it! The 7reat importance of !"noBer lie! in the e?cellent "alit of the edible oil e?tracted from it! !eed!. It i! hi7hl
!eed!. It i! hi7hl re7arded from the point re7arded from the point of vieB of of vieB of n"tritional "alit, ta!te and avor. *oreover,n"tritional "alit, ta!te and avor. *oreover, after oil e?traction, the remainin7 cake i! "!ed a! a live!tock feed. It m"!t be noted that !"noBer after oil e?traction, the remainin7 cake i! "!ed a! a live!tock feed. It m"!t be noted that !"noBer oil ha! a ver loB content
oil ha! a ver loB content of linoleic acid, and therefore it ma of linoleic acid, and therefore it ma be !tored for lon7 period!.be !tored for lon7 period!.
S"noBer adapt! Bell to adver!e environmental condition! and doe! not re"ire !pecialiEed S"noBer adapt! Bell to adver!e environmental condition! and doe! not re"ire !pecialiEed a7ric"lt"ral e"ipment and can be "!ed for crop rotation Bith !obean and corn. Oil ield of a7ric"lt"ral e"ipment and can be "!ed for crop rotation Bith !obean and corn. Oil ield of c"rrent hbrid! i! in the ran7e 36'54F.
c"rrent hbrid! i! in the ran7e 36'54F.
-eant -eant
The "alit of pean"t i! !tron7l affected b Beather condition! d"rin7 the harve!t. Pean"t! are The "alit of pean"t i! !tron7l affected b Beather condition! d"rin7 the harve!t. Pean"t! are mainl "!ed for h"man con!"mption, in the man"fact"re of pean"t
mainl "!ed for h"man con!"mption, in the man"fact"re of pean"t
Fla6 Fla6
9la? i! a plant of temperate climate!, Bith bl"e oBer!. +inen i! made Bith the thread! from the 9la? i! a plant of temperate climate!, Bith bl"e oBer!. +inen i! made Bith the thread! from the !tem of the plant and the oil from the !eed! i! called lin!eed oil, "!ed in paint man"fact"re. 9la? !tem of the plant and the oil from the !eed! i! called lin!eed oil, "!ed in paint man"fact"re. 9la? !eed! have n"tritional val"e for h"man con< !"mption !ince the are a !o"rce of pol"n!at"rated !eed! have n"tritional val"e for h"man con< !"mption !ince the are a !o"rce of pol"n!at"rated fatt acid! nece!!ar for h"man health. *oreover, the cake left over, folloBin7 oil e?traction, i! fatt acid! nece!!ar for h"man health. *oreover, the cake left over, folloBin7 oil e?traction, i! "!ed a! a live!tock feed.
"!ed a! a live!tock feed.
The plant adapt! Bell to a Bide ran7e of temperat"re and h"midit hoBever, hi7h temperat"re! The plant adapt! Bell to a Bide ran7e of temperat"re and h"midit hoBever, hi7h temperat"re! and plentif"l rain do not favor hi7h
and plentif"l rain do not favor hi7h ield! of !eed and ber.ield! of !eed and ber. 9la? !eed! conta
9la? !eed! contain betBeen 01 and in betBeen 01 and 36F of oil, and protein content i! betBeen 41 and 01F. It i!36F of oil, and protein content i! betBeen 41 and 01F. It i! important to remark that lin!eed oil i! rich in pol"n!at"rated fatt acid!, linolenic acid bein7 from important to remark that lin!eed oil i! rich in pol"n!at"rated fatt acid!, linolenic acid bein7 from 31 to 26F of the total.
31 to 26F of the total.
Sa$7#5er Sa$7#5er
SafoBer adapt! Bell to dr environment!. Altho"7h the 7rain ield per hectare i! loB, the oil SafoBer adapt! Bell to dr environment!. Altho"7h the 7rain ield per hectare i! loB, the oil content of the !eed i! hi7h, from 01 to 31F. Therefore, it ha! economic potential for arid re7ion!. content of the !eed i! hi7h, from 01 to 31F. Therefore, it ha! economic potential for arid re7ion!. C"rrentl,
C"rrentl, !afoBer i! "!ed in oil and o"r !afoBer i! "!ed in oil and o"r prod"ction and a! bird feed.prod"ction and a! bird feed.
There are tBo varietie!, one rich in mono<"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8oleic acid: and the other Bith a There are tBo varietie!, one rich in mono<"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8oleic acid: and the other Bith a hi7h percenta7e of pol"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8linoleic acid:. (oth varietie! have a loB content of hi7h percenta7e of pol"n!at"rated fatt acid! 8linoleic acid:. (oth varietie! have a loB content of !at"rated fatt acid!.
!at"rated fatt acid!.
The oil from !afoBer i! of hi7h "alit and
The oil from !afoBer i! of hi7h "alit and loB in chole!terol content. Other than bein7 loB in chole!terol content. Other than bein7 "!ed for "!ed for h"man con!"mption, it i! "!ed in the man"fact"re of paint! and other coatin7 compo"nd!, lac"er! h"man con!"mption, it i! "!ed in the man"fact"re of paint! and other coatin7 compo"nd!, lac"er! and !oap!.
and !oap!.
It i! important to note that !afoBer oil i! e?tracted b mean! of hdra"lic pre!!e!, Bitho"t the It i! important to note that !afoBer oil i! e?tracted b mean! of hdra"lic pre!!e!, Bitho"t the "!e of !olvent!, and rened b
"!e of !olvent!, and rened b conventional method!, Bitho"t anti<o?idant additive!. conventional method!, Bitho"t anti<o?idant additive!. The o"r from !afoBer i! rich in
The o"r from !afoBer i! rich in ber and contain! abo"t 43F protein!. It i! "!ed ber and contain! abo"t 43F protein!. It i! "!ed a! a a! a proteiproteinn !"pplement for live!tock feed.
!"pplement for live!tock feed.
Ca't#r See" Ca't#r See"
The ca!tor oil
The ca!tor oil plant 7roB! in plant 7roB! in tropitropical climate!, Bith temperatcal climate!, Bith temperat"re! in "re! in the ran7e41'01+Cthe ran7e41'01+C it it cannotcannot end"re fro!t. It i! important to note that once the !eed! !tart 7erminatin7, the temperat"re m"!t not end"re fro!t. It i! important to note that once the !eed! !tart 7erminatin7, the temperat"re m"!t not
fall beloB 4+C. The plant need! a
fall beloB 4+C. The plant need! a Barm and h"mid period in Barm and h"mid period in it! ve7etative pha!e and a dr it! ve7etative pha!e and a dr !ea!on!ea!on for ripenin7 and har< ve!tin7. It re"ire! plent of !"nli7ht and adapt! Bell to !everal varietie! of for ripenin7 and har< ve!tin7. It re"ire! plent of !"nli7ht and adapt! Bell to !everal varietie! of !oil!. The total rainfall d"rin7 the 7roBth ccle m"!t be in the ran7e =11',311 mm altho"7h it i! !oil!. The total rainfall d"rin7 the 7roBth ccle m"!t be in the ran7e =11',311 mm altho"7h it i! re!i!tant to dro"7ht, the ca!tor oil plant need! at
re!i!tant to dro"7ht, the ca!tor oil plant need! at lea!t 5 month! of rain d"rin7 the ear.lea!t 5 month! of rain d"rin7 the ear.
Ca!tor oil i! a tri7lceride, ricinolenic acid bein7 the main con!tit"ent 8abo"t N1F:. The oil Ca!tor oil i! a tri7lceride, ricinolenic acid bein7 the main con!tit"ent 8abo"t N1F:. The oil i! non<edible and to?ic oBin7 to the pre!ence of '5F of ricin, a to?ic protein that can be removed i! non<edible and to?ic oBin7 to the pre!ence of '5F of ricin, a to?ic protein that can be removed b cold pre!!in7 and
b cold pre!!in7 and lterin7. The pre!ence of hdro?l 7ro"p! lterin7. The pre!ence of hdro?l 7ro"p! in it! molec"le! make! it "n"!"allin it! molec"le! make! it "n"!"all polar a! compared to other ve7etable oil!.
polar a! compared to other ve7etable oil!.
Tn8 Tn8
T"n7 i! a tree that adapt! Bell to tropical and !"b<tropical climate!. The optim"m temperat"re for T"n7 i! a tree that adapt! Bell to tropical and !"b<tropical climate!. The optim"m temperat"re for t"n7 i! betBeen 6 and
t"n7 i! betBeen 6 and 42+C, Bith loB earl rainfall.42+C, Bith loB earl rainfall.
#"rin7 the harve!t !ea!on, the dr n"t! fall off from the t"n7 tree and are collected from the #"rin7 the harve!t !ea!on, the dr n"t! fall off from the t"n7 tree and are collected from the 7ro"nd. &"t prod"ction !tart! 0 ear! after the p
7ro"nd. &"t prod"ction !tart! 0 ear! after the p lantin7.lantin7.
The oil from t"n7 n"t! i! non<edible and "!ed in the man"fact"re of paint! and varni!he!, The oil from t"n7 n"t! i! non<edible and "!ed in the man"fact"re of paint! and varni!he!, e!peciall for marine "!e.
e!peciall for marine "!e.
C#tt#n C#tt#n
Amon7 non<food!t"ff!, cotton i! the mo!t Bidel traded commodit. It i! prod"ced in more than 61 Amon7 non<food!t"ff!, cotton i! the mo!t Bidel traded commodit. It i! prod"ced in more than 61 co"ntrie! and di!trib"ted BorldBide. After the harve!t, it ma be traded a! raB cotton, ber or co"ntrie! and di!trib"ted BorldBide. After the harve!t, it ma be traded a! raB cotton, ber or !eed!. In cotton mill!, ber and !eed! are
!eed!. In cotton mill!, ber and !eed! are !eparated from raB cotton.!eparated from raB cotton.
Cotton ber i! proce!!ed to prod"ce fabric and thread, for "!e in the te?tile ind"!tr. In addition, Cotton ber i! proce!!ed to prod"ce fabric and thread, for "!e in the te?tile ind"!tr. In addition, cotton oil and o"r are obtained from the !eed the latter i! rich in protein and i! "!ed in live!tock cotton oil and o"r are obtained from the !eed the latter i! rich in protein and i! "!ed in live!tock feed and after f"rther proce!!in7, for h"man con
feed and after f"rther proce!!in7, for h"man con!"mption.!"mption.
J#.#)a J#.#)a
Altho"7h jojoba can !"rvive e?treme dro"7ht, it re"ire! irri7ation to achieve an economicall Altho"7h jojoba can !"rvive e?treme dro"7ht, it re"ire! irri7ation to achieve an economicall viable ield.
viable ield.
Jojoba need! a Barm climate, b"t a cold !pell i! nece!!ar for the oBer! to mat"re. Rainfall Jojoba need! a Barm climate, b"t a cold !pell i! nece!!ar for the oBer! to mat"re. Rainfall m"!t be ver loB d"rin7 the harve!t !ea!on 8!"mmer:. The plant reache! it! f"ll prod"ctivit 1 m"!t be ver loB d"rin7 the harve!t !ea!on 8!"mmer:. The plant reache! it! f"ll prod"ctivit 1 ear! after plantin7.
ear! after plantin7.
The oil from jojoba i! mainl "!ed in the co!metic! ind"!tr therefore, it! market i! "ickl The oil from jojoba i! mainl "!ed in the co!metic! ind"!tr therefore, it! market i! "ickl !at"rated.
Jatr#%(a Jatr#%(a
Jatropha i! a !hr"b that adapt! Bell to arid environment!. Jatropha c"rca! i! the mo!t knoBn Jatropha i! a !hr"b that adapt! Bell to arid environment!. Jatropha c"rca! i! the mo!t knoBn variet it re"ire! little Bater or additional care therefore, it i! ade"ate for Barm re7ion! Bith variet it re"ire! little Bater or additional care therefore, it i! ade"ate for Barm re7ion! Bith lit
little tle ferfertiltilitit. . ProProd"cd"ctivtivit it ma ma be be redred"ce"ced d b b irrirre7"le7"lar ar rairainfanfall ll or or !tr!tron7 on7 BinBind! d! d"rd"rin7 in7 thethe oB
oBerierin7 n7 !ea!ea!on!on. . //ieield ld depedepend! nd! on on cliclimatmate, e, !oi!oil, l, rairainfalnfall l and and trtreateatment ment d"rd"rin7 in7 !oB!oBin7 in7 andand harve!tin7. Jatropha plant! become prod"ctive after 0 or 3 ear!, and their life!pan i! abo"t 51 harve!tin7. Jatropha plant! become prod"ctive after 0 or 3 ear!, and their life!pan i! abo"t 51 ear!.
ear!.
Oil ield depend! on the method of e?traction it i! 46'04F "!in7 pre!!e! and "p to 54F b Oil ield depend! on the method of e?traction it i! 46'04F "!in7 pre!!e! and "p to 54F b !olve
!olvent e?tractionnt e?traction. . Since the !eed! are Since the !eed! are to?ic, jatroto?ic, jatropha oil pha oil i! non< i! non< edibleedible. The . The to?icito?icit i! t i! d"e to d"e to thethe pre!ence of c"rca!in 8a 7lob"lin: and jatrophic acid 8a! to?ic a! ricin:.
pre!ence of c"rca!in 8a 7lob"lin: and jatrophic acid 8a! to?ic a! ricin:.
A0#/a"# A0#/a"#
Avocado i! a tree betBeen 5 and 5 m in hei7ht. The Bei7ht of the fr"it i! betBeen 41 and 4.5 k7 Avocado i! a tree betBeen 5 and 5 m in hei7ht. The Bei7ht of the fr"it i! betBeen 41 and 4.5 k7 and the harve!tin7 period varie! from 5 to 5 month!. The avocado fr"it mat"re! after pickin7 and and the harve!tin7 period varie! from 5 to 5 month!. The avocado fr"it mat"re! after pickin7 and