Heritability estimates in cyprinid species

L. rohita

Studies were undertaken by Supsuksamran (1987) to investigate the growth rate of this

species raised in cages and to estimate the heritability as well as the genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlation for body weight, total length, body depth, head length and girth of fish at ages of 118, 202 and 285 days. The half-sib analysis was tested from the parents, 5 dams and 15 sires, with each dam mated to 3 sires. A nested,

randomized block design that contained 40 fish/ cage, 2 cages/sire was used. The average daily gain and the specific growth rate at ages of 168-195 days were 0.33 g/day and 0.7 per cent day, respectively. Crosses involving the biggest females had the highest average daily gain and specific growth rate. Estimates of heritability for body weight, total length, body depth, head length and girth at ages of 118 202 and 285 days were small and ranged from 0.002-0.138 (Table 3.5.4). Genetic correlation between total length and body depth, total length and head length, total length and girth at 285 days old was also large and ranged from 0.483-1.022. Phenotypic correlation between body weight and total length, total length and body depth, total length and head length, total length and girth at ages of 118 202 and 285 days was large and ranged from 0.903-0.970. The environmental correlation between traits studied at ages of 118 202 and 285 days was large and ranged from 0.901-0.976. A. nobilis

A study on the genetic parameters of A. nobilis was conducted by Nukwan (1987). With a nested design, females of three different sizes were mated with three males each. Fingerlings from each mating were reared separately in hapas for three months, and then transferred to separate cages for nine months. The mean heritability estimates of their offspring at the ages of 124, 208, 292 and 362 days were 0.172, 0.095, 0.152 and 0.035 for body weight, and 0.179, 0.080, 0.095 and 0.036 for the total length, respectively (Table 3.5.4). Genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlation estimates for body weight and total length ranged from 0.007-1.239, 0.927-0.957 and 0.925-0.960, respectively.

B. gonionotus

Estimates of heritability from the female variance of growth traits in B. gonionotus were reported (Jitpiromsri 1990). Heritabilities for total length at 111, 170, 231 and 276 days old were 0.01±0.06, 0.04±0.25, 0.17±0.54, and 0.2±0.33, respectively (Table 3.5.4). Heritabilities for body weight at 111, 170, 231 and 276 days old were 0.22±0.09, -

68 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.5 | Carp Genetic Resources Of Thailand ₆₉ (Table 3.5.4). The heritabilities increased with the

number of days indicating the effects of the common environment.

3.5.4 Status of genetic

improvement and related research

in different species

3.5.4.1 B. gonionotus

Gynogenetic diploid B. gonionotus were successfully induced by UV irradiation of sperm at 196 uW/cm2_{, cold shocking of 2 °C for 10 minutes}

starting 1.5 minutes after fertilization (Pongthana et al. 1995). Neomale or XX-male (genetically female, but functionally male) in this species produced by hormonally masculinized gynogenetic diploid fry using 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) at 25 mg/kg in the diet, for a duration of four or five weeks starting two weeks post-hatch to produce all- female offspring when crossed with ordinary females (Pongthana et al. 1999).

Comparative growth performances of diploid and triploid B. gonionotus were reported by Koedprang and Na-Nakorn (1994). Triploidy was induced by subjecting fertilized eggs to a cold

shock of 2 °C for 10 minutes commencing 0.5 minutes after fertilization; this resulted in 64-100 per cent triploidy. The sex ratio in triploids was skewed to males, while small numbers of spermatozoa were observed in triploid males. Nuclear volume in triploid fish was significantly higher than that in diploids. No significant differences in growth between diploid and triploid fish were observed at 10 months of age. Genetic diversity and socioeconomic aspects of B. gonionotus culture in Khon Kaen Province were investigated in order to study the feasibility of developing and differentiating new, locally adapted breeds in situations where there is a focus on market-driven decision making by small- holder commercial and subsistence farmers and hatcheries. Nineteen grow-out farms, six traders and six consumers were investigated. Results from the socioeconomic studies indicated that there are three different models of fingerling/fish distribution from hatcheries to consumers: (1) mobile trading system (hatchery-grow-out farms- consumers); (2) membership system (Hatchery- contract persons/village head men-grow-out farms-fish traders-consumers); and (3) farm gate system (hatchery-grow-out farms-consumers).

Table 3.5.4. Heritability estimates for growth traits in L. rohita, B. gonionotus, and A. nobilis. TL = total length, BW = body weight, h2 D =

heritability estimated from female variance, h2

S = heritability estimated from male variance

Species Traits h2 _References

L. rohita TL at 118 days old h2

D = 0.075±0.155 Supsuksamran (1987) TL at 202 days old h2 D = 0.046±0.074 TL at 285 days old h2 D = 0.893±0.094 BW at 118 days old h2 D = 0.102±0.107 BW at 202 days old h2 D = 0.024±0.044 BW at 285 days old h2 D = 0.093±0.088 BW at 53 days old h2 S = 2.01±0.95 h2 D = 0.31±0.51

B. gonionotus TL at 111 days old h2

D = 0.012±0.055 Jitpiromsri (1990) TL at 170 days old h2 D = 0.044±0.246 TL at 231 days old h2 D = 0.168±0.541 TL at 276 days old h2 D = 0.202±0.332 BW at 111 days old h2 D = -0.217±0.090 BW at 170 days old h2 D = -0.067±0.322 BW at 231 days old h2 D = 0.055±0.626 BW at 276 days old h2 D = 0.291±0.517

A. nobilis TL at 124 days old h2

D = 0.019±0.159 Nukwan (1987) TL at 208 days old h2 D = 0.078±0.122 TL at 292 days old h2 D = 0.038±0.109 TL at 362 days old h2 D = -0.014±0.039 BW at 124 days old h2 D = 0.077±0.186 BW at 208 days old h2 D = 0.069±0.128 BW at 292 days old h2 D = 0.048±0.156 BW at 362 days old h2 D = 0.004±0.043

70 WorldFish Center | Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia CHAPTER 3.5 | Carp Genetic Resources Of Thailand ₇₁

3.5.4.2 C. carpio

The growth performance of Maenam Mun and local strains of C. carpio was investigated at the Ubonrachathani Inland Fisheries Development Center (Sihapitukgiat et al. 1992). Fish were communally stocked in six 50-m2 _{ponds at the}

same stocking rate of 2 fish/m2_{. Data on the}

growth rate between these two strains were studied. The Maenam Mun strain was 13 per cent larger than the local strain at the final harvest. An introductory cross was tested to improve the body configuration of the local strain (Pitsanulok stock) of C. carpio aiming to increase the body depth and decrease the head length and depth (Kamonrat 1996b). The selection experiment was initiated in 1985. A series of back-crosses with the local strain of the hybrid between the Hungarian (P-31) and the local strains was carried out. Two local paternal and maternal back-cross lines (P31LOC and LOCP31) were created. After three generations of selection, these two lines showed significant difference in overall body configuration. Both lines had a significantly smaller head, but higher body depth and caudal peduncle than the local strain. The body configuration of this fish appeared to be a maternally predominated inheritance. The LOCP31 had a similar “big belly” as the local strain, while the P31LOC did not show this feature. These findings suggested the possibility of improving the body configuration of the local strain through out-crossing with the Hungarian strain (P-31).