Household Survey

The major purpose of collecting data from household surveys was to get data on how households use and manage public water sources, develop and manage private water sources, the role of gender in water management, and how households perceive and respond to different institutions that affect water management. To achieve this purpose, three types of water uses,

Data Collection Methods

Community Members Local Government Macro level

Ministry of Water and Livestock Development Micro Level Key informants Secondary data Participant observation Photographs Focus group discussions Household survey

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namely drinking water, irrigation water, and water for livestock, were identified for analysis. The three types of water uses were used to stratify the villages. However, availability of drinking water differed significantly across villages in Bariadi district. There are villages with very severe safe drinking water shortage and others with relatively adequate safe drinking water. Hence the District Water Office in Bariadi district has divided villages into two categories, namely those with severe shortages of safe drinking water and the villages with adequate or less severe safe drinking water. The list of villages that were major irrigators was obtained from the District Water Office and District Planning Office. These villages were those with more small-scale irrigation activities than others. The list of villages that were major livestock keepers was obtained from the District Livestock Development Office.

A total of 16 villages were sampled for the household survey, four villages in each category explained above (severe safe drinking water shortage, less severe safe drinking water shortage, major irrigators, and major livestock keepers). At the village level, households to be interviewed were randomly selected from the village sampling frame. The village sampling frame was obtained from Village Executive Officers (VEOs) in each village. The number of household heads to be interviewed in each village was determined by using population as a sampling weight. Sampling weights weigh the data in order to ensure that the sample is proportional to the target population of interests. A unweighted sample is not representative of the target population. The weight reflects unequal sample inclusion probabilities, and

compensates for sampling bias, and for over and under representation of the sample

(Pfeffermann 1993). In this research, the sample weight was obtained by dividing the population of people in each of the purposively sampled villages with the total population in all sampled

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villages. To obtain sample size of households in each village, the total sample size planned to be collected in the district (223 households) was multiplied with the sample weight of each village.

To allow analysis of gender aspects, the weighted sample in each village was divided into female and male headed households. The village sampling frame was obtained from Village Executive Officers (VEOs) in each village. From the male and female-headed list, households were randomly sampled, with 28 percent of the total sampled households in each village being female-headed households. A total random sample of 223 households was selected and

interviewed from all four divisions of Bariadi district. To capture the socio-economic heterogeneity of communities, two wards hosting division headquarters (namely Dutwa and Bumera) were purposively selected. The interview was carried out by trained research assistants in the Sukuma language. The household heads were interviewed at their households. The

interview consisted of both open and closed ended questions. Information on customary institutions and their water management practices was collected.

The survey gathered data on household characteristics (demographic, socio-economic, and cultural information), household participation in different programs and organizations, sources of water for different uses, water management laws and enactment, enforcement and compliance with water laws, gender roles, strengths and weaknesses of customary and statutory institutions, irrigation, distance to water sources, and household health. For details on household survey, see appendix A. Table 4.1 presents the basic statistics about the surveyed villages, and figure 4.2 shows the spatial distribution of the villages selected in Bariadi district.

82 Table 4. 1: Basic Statistics about Surveyed Villages

Division name

Village name Total population Number of households Number of shallow wells Cattle population Ntuzu Majahida 2354 343 5 1067 Matale17 3908 495 5 2921 Ngulyati 8046 1240 24 3803 Sakwe17 _{6413 885 19 3408} Bunamhala 6772 959 22 3318 Gambosi 3860 500 10 2322 Dutwa Igaganulwa 6376 1044 9 2998 Bupandagila 3647 487 4 4115 Gasuma 7842 1018 5 5866 Guduwi17 5425 690 12 3135 Kanadi Mwaumatondo 5652 774 10 7405 Bumera 3146 426 13 2161 Mwamugesha 2450 371 13 1934 Mwamtani 8010 1185 4 6856 Nanga 7424 991 16 5588 Budalabujiga 5651 751 17 2016 Itilima Ikunguilipu 6910 976 19 3190 Mwamapalala 4909 823 8 3391 Zanzui 4651 662 2 2817 Kinang'weli17 4145 623 14 1833

83 Figure 4. 2: The Map of Bariadi District Showing Surveyed Villages

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The questionnaire was divided in to three parts and covers different aspects of water management in Tanzania. These parts included:

1. Part one is about household characteristics. This part gathers household information on the age, sex, ethnicity, religion, education, source of income, type of roof for the main house and household size. It also identifies when the household was established in the district plus those who migrated in to the district from other places.

2. Part two in the first section examines household participation in various programs and organizations, including water management institutions. Specific information gathered in part two includes information on the type of organization that the household belong to, its focus, and household contribution to the organizations. Other information includes

sources of water for different uses, such as domestic, livestock watering and irrigation, number of ruminants and watering points, the location of crop plots in relation to water sources, and soil conservation and pollution prevention practices. The second section of part two includes three categories of water regulations for domestic, irrigation, and livestock watering from both private and public water sources. This section also includes respondents’ opinions on the major strengths and weaknesses of statutory and customary institutions.

3. Part three is about water management systems. It includes information on land, irrigation, livestock watering, land ownership, and their relationship with gender. It also collects information on water scarcity and household health.

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Table 4.2 shows that the majority of respondents (91 percent) are Sukuma from the Bariadi district. The inference from this sample is that the sample is representative of all the

Sukuma people of Bariadi district. Female respondents are 62 (28 percent of all the respondents).

I chose this number because female-headed households are approximately 28 percent of all households in Tanzania. Most respondents (66 percent) ranged from age 35 to 64, and the average age of respondents is 51 years. The majority of respondents who are 80 years and above were females compared to younger respondents (age 22-34) who were mostly men. More than 50 percent of the respondents are non-Christian, with 0.5 percent Moslems, 36.9 percent atheists, and 16.8 percent worship ancestors. There are more males (21.4 percent) than females (4.5 percent) in ancestral worship, while the distribution of males and females in atheistic religion is more or less the same. This indicates a strong allegiance to customary laws and traditional beliefs among the Sukuma.

The highest level of education is secondary school education. Respondents with no formal education are about 40 percent, while the majorities (63 percent) are females. Most

respondents (56 percent) have primary school education, only a few (4.3 percent) have secondary education, the majority of them being males. The table reports that womens’ level of education is low compared to men. The major source of income among the respondents (92 percent) is

agricultural production of both food and cash crops. Livestock production is an exclusively male activity because no females depend on livestock as their major source of income. About 6 percent of respondents depend on non-farm activities as their major source of income. This includes formal employment (such as teachers, nurses and doctors), and business (such as pot making, grocery shop, bicycle and shoe repairs, traditional healers, and rain makers).

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Table 4. 2: Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Household Survey Respondents (Percentages) Females N=62 Males N=161 Total N=223 Percent distribution Age of respondents 22-34 4.8 14.0 11.5 35-49 30.6 36.3 34.7 50-64 38.4 28.7 31.3 65-79 23.0 18.8 20.0 80+ 3.2 2.2 2.5 Total 100 100 100 Ethnic background

Sukuma from Bariadi 93.2 90.3 91.1

Sukuma from outside Bariadi 5.0 6.7 6.3

Non-Sukuma 1.8 3.0 2.6 Total 100 100 100 Religion Christian 56.0 41.9 45.8 Moslem 1.8 0.0 0.5 Ancestor 4.7 21.4 16.8 Atheist 37.5 36.7 36.9 Total 100 100 100 Level of education No formal education 63.0 30.7 39.6 Primary education 33.5 64.7 56.2 Secondary education 3.5 4.6 4.3 Total 100 100 100

Major source of income

Agriculture production 95.0 91.9 92.7

Livestock production 0.0 1.9 1.3

Non farm activities 5.0 6.3 5.9

Total 100 100 100 Family size 1-10 83.0 71.8 74.8 11-20 17.0 23.6 21.8 More than 20 0.0 4.6 3.4 Total 100 100 100

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Most of the respondents (75 percent) live in a household with up to ten people, the average family size among the respondents is nine people, which compares to a national average of five people per household (URT 2002). Large families are desired among the Sukuma. The cultural norm is for women to bear as many children as possible. This norm is promoted by lower education and early marriages among the Sukuma women.