Hybrid systems for example aerate the water after it exits the final reedbed using cascades such as Flowforms before holding the water in a shallow pond.[52] Also, primary
treatments as septic tanks, and different types of pumps as grinder pumps may also be added.[53]
References
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Footnotes
[1] Hammer 1989
[2] Hammer 1989, pp. 565–573 Brix, H.; Schierup, H.. "Danish experience with sewage treatment in constructed wetlands".
[3] Davies & Hart 1990 [4] Fried & Dean 1955 [5] Sah & Mikkelson 1986
[6] Patrick & Reddy 1976, pp. 469–472 [7] Mitsch & Gosselink 1993
[8] Gray, N.F. (1989). Biology of wastewater treatment. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 828.
[9] Mitsch & Gosselink 1986, p. 536
[20] (http://www.oma.on.ca/environment/resources/oma_towards_greener_footprints.pdf) [21] Guntensbergen, Stearns & Kadlec 1989
[22] Bernard & Solsky 1976 [23] Breen 1990
[24] Rogers, Breen & Chick 1991
[25] Sloey, W.E.; Spangler, F.L.; Fetter, Jr, C.W.. "Management of freshwater wetlands For nutrient assimilation". pp. 321–340. In Good, Whigham & Simpson 1978
[32] Kramer, J.R.; Herbes, S.E.; Allen, H.E. (1972). Phosphorus: analysis of water, biomass, and sediment. In Kramer & Allen 1972, pp. 51–101 [33] Simpson, R.L.; Whigham, D.F.. Seasonal patterns of nutrient movement in a freshwater tidal marsh. In Good, Whigham & Simpson 1978,
pp. 243–257 [34] Hsu 1964
[35] Faulkner, S.P.; Richardson, C.J. (1989). Physical and chemical characteristics of freshwater wetland soils. In Hammer 1989, pp. 41–131 [36] Cole, Olsen & Scott 1953, pp. 352–356
[37] Mann 1990, pp. 97–105 [38] Hammer 1992, pp. 298
[39] Burns, N.M.; Ross, C. (1972). Oxygen-nutrient relationships within the central basin of lake Erie. In Kramer & Allen 1972, pp. 193–250 [40] Williams, J.D.H.; Mayer, T. (1972). Effects of sediment diagenesis and regeneration of phosphorus with special reference to lakes Erie and
Ontario. In Kramer & Allen 1972, pp. 281–315
[41] Gosselink, J.G.; Turner, R.E.. The role of hydrology in freshwater wetland ecosystems. In Good, Whigham & Simpson 1978, pp. 63–78 [42] Kramer & Allen 1972
[43] Snell 1990 [44] Lantzke et al. 1999
[45] Lloyd R. Rozema, M.Sc. (excerpt from Master of Science thesis, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, 2000) [46] (http://technology.infomine.com/enviromine/wetlands/Welcome.htm)
[47] (http://www.natural-resources.org/minerals/europe/docs/PIRAMID_Guidelines_v1.0.pdf) [48] Hedin, Nairn & Kleinmann 1994
[49] van Oirschot et al. 2002
[50] "LavFilters" (http://www.stowa-selectedtechnologies.nl/Sheets/Sheets/Lava.Filters.html). . Retrieved 2008-06-18.
[51] Coconut growing medium used for water purifying plants (http://www.lukmertens.be/kwekerij.html)
[52] (http://www.sheepdrove.com/article.asp?art_id=115) Reedbed and Flowform cascade polishing, Sheepdrove Organic Farm, England [53] Pictures of hybrid reed bed systems (http://www.pure-milieutechniek.be/Page22.htm)
[54] http://ag.arizona.edu/AZWATER/arroyo/094wet.html
[55] http://www.certipro.be/docs/Certificering%20van%20plantenwaterzuiveringssystemen.pdf
External links
• American Society of Professional Wetland Engineers website (http://www.aspwe.org) - a wetland restoration for habitat and treatment 'wiki'
• On-line constructed wetlands workshop (http://www.olawai.org) moderated by Greg Gearheart and Bob Gearheart.
• U.S.EPA: Constructed Wetlands resources website (http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/watersheds/
cwetlands.html) - United States Environmental Protection Agency
• Google Books: "Creating Freshwater Wetlands" - by Donald A. Hammer (http://books.google.com/
books?id=t9WDhaX__KYC&printsec=frontcover)
• Constructed wetlands in Lake Macquarie, Australia (http://www.lakemac.com.au/page.aspx?pid=109&
vid=10&fid=196&ftype=True)
• Federal Park Wetlands, Australia (http://www.ramin.com.au/annandale/wetlands.shtml)
• Whites Creek Wetland, Australia (http://www.ramin.com.au/creekcare/whitescreek.shtml)
• Wetpark: Water treatment systems website (http://www.holon.se/folke/projects/vatpark/concept.shtml)
• WATER REPORT: Compost Toilets and Constructed Wetlands (http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp58.htm)