hydronium ion/pH hydroxide ion/pOH

neutralization

UnitC: Matteras Solutions,Acids and Bases

©AlbertaEducation,Alberta,Canada

Chemistry20 /29 (2007)

Studentswill investigate solutions,describingtheirphysical and chemicalproperties.

^^— ^^"

^as:

-

«-- '•• ^-***•

Specific

Outcomes

for

Knowledge

Studentswill:

20-C

1.1k recallthe categoriesofpure substancesand mixturesandexplainthe natureof

homogeneous

^mixtures

20-C

1.2k provideexamples fromlivingandnonlivingsystemsthatillustrate

how

dissolving substancesinwaterisoften aprerequisite forchemicalchange

20-C

¹.3k explain dissolving asan endothermicorexothermicprocess with respectto thebreaking

and

forming of

bonds

20-C

1.4k differentiate

between

electrolytes

and

nonelectrolytes

20-C

^1.5k express concentrationinvariousways;i.e., molesperlitreofsolution,percent

by mass

and partsper million

20-C

1.6k calculate,

from

empiricaldata,the concentration

of

solutions inmolesperlitreofsolution

and

determine

mass

or

volume

from suchconcentrations

20-C

1.7k calculatetheconcentrations and/or

volumes

ofdiluted solutions

and

thequantitiesof a solution

and

waterto use

when

diluting

20-C

¹.8k use data

and

ionization/dissociationequationsto calculate theconcentration ofionsina solution

20-C

1.9k

defme

solubility

and

identify related factors; i.e.,temperature, pressure andmiscibility

20-C

¹.10k explainasaturated solutioninterms ofequilibrium; i.e.,equal ratesofdissolving

and

crystallization

20-C

1.11k describetheprocedures andcalculationsrequiredforpreparinganddiluting solutions.

Specific

Outcomes

forScience,

Technology and

Society (STS)(Socialand Environmental Contexts Emphasis)

Studentswill:

20-C

1.lsts explain

how

science

and

technology^aredevelopedto

meet

societalneedsand

expand human

capability

(SEC1) (ICT

F2-4.8]

• provide examples

of how

solutions

and

solutionconcentrationsare appliedinproducts

and

processes, scientific studies

and

dailylife

20-C1

.2sts explain thatscienceand technology have influenced,and beeninfluencedby, historical development and societalneeds

(SEC2) [ICT

_F2-4.8J

•

compare

the

ways

inwhichconcentrations

of

^solutionsare expressedinchemistry laboratories, household products

and

environmentalstudies

20-C1.3sts explainthat scientific andtechnological activity

may

arise from,

and

give rise to, such personal

and

socialvaluesasaccuracy, honesty, perseverance,tolerance,open-mindedness, critical-mindedness,creativity

and

curiosity

(SEC5)

• explaintheResponsible

Care program

developed bythe

Canadian Chemical

Producers'Association

20-C

¹.4sts explain

how

scienceand technology haveboth intendedand unintended consequences for

humans and

theenvironment

(SEC3) [ICT

F3-4.1]

• explainthesignificanceofbiomagnifi cationin increasingthe concentration

of

substancesin

an

ecosystem

20-C

1.5sts explainthatthe appropriateness, risksandbenefitsoftechnologiesneedtobe assessedfor eachpotentialapplication fromavarietyofperspectives, includingsustainabilitv (ST7)

[ICT

F2-4.2, F3-4.1]

• explainthe role

of

concentration in risk-benefitanalysesfor determiningthe safe limits

of

particular substances, suchas pesticideresidues, heavymetals, chlorinated orfluorinated

compounds and

pharmaceuticals.

Note:

Some

oftheoutcomesaresupportedbyexamples. Theexamplesarewritten initalicsand donotformpart oftherequired

program

butareprovidedasanillustrationof

how

theoutcomes might bedeveloped.

General Outcome

1

Studentswillinvestigate solutions, describingtheirphysicaland chemical properties.

Specific

Outcomes

for Skills(Social and Environmental Contexts Emphasis)

Initiating and Planning

Students will:

20-C

1.1s formulate questionsaboutobservedrelationships andplan investigations

of

questions, ideas, problems

and

issues

• designaprocedureto identifythetype

of

solution

(IP-NS2)

• designaprocedureto determinethe concentrationofa solution containing asolid solute

(IP-NS2)

• describe proceduresforthe safehandling, storage anddisposal ofmaterialsusedinthe laboratory,with reference to

WHMIS

and

consumer

productlabellinginformation

(IP-SEC3, PR-NS5)

Performing

and

Recording

Studentswill:

20-C

¹.2s conductinvestigations into relationships

among

observable variables

and

usea broad range oftools

and

techniquestogatherand record data

and

information

• useaconductivityapparatusto differentiatesolutions

(PR-NS2) [ICT

C6-4.4]

• perform an experimenttodeterminetheconcentrationofa solution

(PR-NS3, PR-NS5)

• use abalanceand volumetricglasswaretoprepare solutionsofspecified concentrations

(PR-NS2, PR-NS5)

• perform an investigation todeterminethe solubilityof asolute in asaturatedsolution

(PR-ST3, PR-NS5) [ICT

C6-4.2]

Analyzing

and

Interpreting Studentswill:

20-C

1.3s analyze data

and

apply mathematical and conceptual

models

todevelop

and

assess possible solutions

•

•

use experimental datato determine theconcentrationof asolution

(AI-NS3) [ICT

C6-4.1]

evaluate the risks involvedinthehandling, storage

and

disposal

of

^solutions

commonly

usedinthe laboratory

and

in the

home (AI-SEC2, PR-NS5).

Note:

Some

oftheoutcomesare supportedby examples. Theexamplesarewrittenin italicsand donotformpart of therequired

program

butareprov ided asanillustrationof

how

theoutcomesmight bedeveloped.

UnitC: Matteras Solutions,Acids and Bases Chemistry

20

/31

©AlbertaEducation, Alberta,Canada (2007)

Studentswill investigate solutions,describingtheirphysical and chemicalproperties.

1

Communication

and

Teamwork

Studentswill:

20-C

1.4s

work

collaborativelyinaddressingproblems and applythe skillsandconventionsof science incommunicating informationandideasand inassessingresults

•

compare

personalconcentration datawiththe data collectedbyotherindividualsor groups

(CT-SEC4)

• selectanduse appropriatenumeric, symbolic, graphical andlinguistic

modes

of representationto

communicate

ideas,plans

and

results

(CT-NS2)

• use integratedsoftware effectively

and

efficiently toincorporatedata, graphics

and

text

(CT-ST2) [ICT

P4-4.3]

• conduct, collectively,

a

risk-benefitanalysis

of

^thepollution

of

waterways by the release

of

effluents

and propose a

plan for reducing^theimpacton theecosystem

(IP-SEC3, AI-SEC3, CT-SEC1) [ICT

F3-4.1]

Note:

Some

oftheoutcomesaresupportedbyexamples. Theexamplesarewrittenin italicsand donotformpart oftherequired

program

butareprovidedasanillustrationof

how

theoutcomes might bedeveloped.

Unit ^C: Matteras Solutions, Acids and Bases Chemistry

20

/33

©AlbertaEducation, Alberta,Canada (2007)

Studentswilldescribeacidic andbasicsolutions qualitatively andquantitatively.

]

Specific

Outcomes

for

Knowledge

Studentswill:

20-C2.1k

recall International

Union

of Pure

and

Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC)

nomenclature ofacids andbases

20-C2.2k

recall the empiricaldefinitionsofacidic,basic

and

neutralsolutionsdeterminedbyusing indicators,

pH

andelectrical conductivity

20-C2.3k

calculate

H

3 +

(aq) and

OH

(aq)concentrationsandthe

pH

and

pOH

ofacidicandbasic solutionsbased

on

logarithmic expressions;i.e.,

pH ⁼

-log[H₃ ⁺]

and pOH ⁼

-log[OH"]

20-C2.4k

use appropriate SIunits to

communicate

the concentrationofsolutionsandexpress

pH

and concentrationanswersto thecorrect

number

ofsignificantdigits; i.e., usethe

number

of decimalplaces inthe

pH

todeterminethe

number

ofsignificantdigits

of

theconcentration

20-C2.5k compare

magnitude changesin

pH and pOH

withchanges inconcentration foracidsand

bases

20-C2.6k

explain

how

theuse ofindicators,

pH

paperor

pH

meterscanbe usedto measure

H

3 +

(aq)

20-C2.7k

defineArrhenius(modified) acids as substancesthatproduce

H

3 +

(aq) inaqueous solutionsandrecognize thatthe definitionislimited

20-C2.8k

defineArrhenius(modified) bases assubstancesthatproduce OH"(aq) inaqueous solutionsandrecognize thatthe definitionislimited

20-C2.9k

define neutralization asareactionbetween

hydronium

and hydroxide ions

20-C2.10k

differentiate, qualitatively,betweenstrong

and weak

acidsandbetween strong

and weak

basesonthe basisofionization

and

dissociation; i.e.,

pH,

reaction rate

and

electrical conductivity

20-C2.¹Ik identifymonoprotic and polyprotic acidsandbases and

compare

their ionization/dissociation.

Specific

Outcomes

for Science,

Technology and

Society

(STS)

(Science and

Technology

Emphasis)

j

Studentswill:

20-C2.lsts explainthatthe goalof technologyistoprovidesolutions topractical problems (ST1)

[ICT

F2-4.41

• relate the concept

ofpH

^tosolutionsencounteredineverydaylife, suchas pharmaceuticals,

shampoo and

othercleaning products, aquatic

and

terrestrial

environments,

and

blood/bloodproducts

20-C2.2sts explainthattechnological problemsoften require multiple solutions thatinvolve different designs, materials

and

processesandthathaveboth intendedand unintended consequences (ST3)

[ICT

F3-4.1]

• provide examples

of

processes

and

productsthatuseknowledge

of

^acid

and

base chemistry (thepulp

and paper

industry, thepetrochemicalindustry,

food

preparation

and

preservation, cleaningaids, sulfuricacidincarbatteries, treatingaccidentalacid or base spillsusing neutralization

and

dilution)

• explainthesignificance

of

^thestrength

and

concentration

of

^{solutions ineverydaylife} (pharmaceuticals, chemicalspills, transportation

of

^{dangerousgoods, toxicity)}

• identifyexamplesinAlbertainwhichholisticpracticesused by

some

Aboriginal communities

can

be usedtomoderate theimpact

of

developmentin industriessuchas thepetrochemicalindustry.

Note:

Some

oftheoutcomesaresupportedbyexamples. Theexamples arewrittenin italicsanddo notform part oftherequired

program

butareprovided asanillustrationof

how

theoutcomes might bedeveloped.

General Outcome

2

Studentswilldescribe acidic andbasic solutions qualitatively

and

quantitatively.

Specific

Outcomes

forSkills (Science and

Technology

Emphasis)

Initiatingand Planning Studentswill:

20-C2.

Is formulate questionsaboutobserved relationshipsandplan investigations ofquestions, ideas, problemsand issues

• designanexperimentto differentiate

among

acidic,basic

and

neutral solutions

(IP-NS2)

• designanexperimentto differentiate

between weak and

strong acids

and between weak and

strong bases

(IP-NS2)

• describeprocedures forthe safe handling, storage

and

disposal

of

materials usedinthe laboratory,withreferenceto

WHMIS

and

consumer

productlabelling information (IP-ST3).

Performingand Recording

Studentswill:

20-C2.2s

conduct investigations into relationships

among

observable variables anduse abroad range oftools

and

techniquestogather

and

record dataand information

• constructatable orgraphto

compare pH and hydronium

ionconcentration, illustrating thatas the

hydronium

ionconcentration increases,the

pH

^decreases

(PR-NS4)

• use

a pH

^{metertodetermine theacidityand/oralkalinity}

ofa

^solution

(PR-NS2) [ICTC6-4.4].

Analyzing

and

Interpreting Students will:

20-C2.3s

analyze dataand apply mathematical

and

conceptual

models

todevelop

and

assess possible solutions

• use indicators todetermine the

pH

^foravariety ofsolutions

(PR-NS2, AI-NS6)

• assess, qualitatively, the risks

and

benefits

of

producing, using

and

transporting acidic

and

basic substances,

based on WHMIS and

transportation

ofdangerous goods

In document problems and issues. By doing so, students become aware of the role of science in responding (Page 31-37)