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We hypothesized that there is a gap between policy mandates and building-level implementation that is especially apparent without a key staff member dedicated to school wellness Additionally, low

school meal program participation rates in NYC indicate that there are barriers to participation that should

be addressed. The City Harvest Healthy Schools program aims to fill this gap by placing dedicated

Fieldwork students in low-resource NYC schools to provide manpower, strategies, and resources to

improve school meal participation and the food environment within the school community which in turn

can increase food security and access to healthy food in NYC’s high-need communities.

Bibliography

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2. World Health Organization. Food Security. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en/index.html. Updated 2010. Accessed May 4, 2010, 2010.

CUNY SPH Fieldwork Handbook May 2014 Page 36 of 38

4. Nord M, Coleman-Jensen A, Andrews M, Carlson S. Household Food Security in the United States, 2009. . 2010;ERR-108:U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Econ. Res. Serv.

5. Kaiser LL, Townsend MS. Food Insecurity Among US Children: Implications for Nutrition and Health. Topics in clinical nutrition. 2005;20(4):313.

6. Kirkpatrick S, McIntyre L, Potestio M. Child hunger and long-term adverse consequences for health. Archives of pediatrics adolescent

medicine. 2010;164(8):754.

7. Olson CM. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr. 1999;129(2S Suppl):521.

8. Townsend MS, Peerson J, Love B, Achterberg C, Murphy SP. Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. J Nutr. 2001;131(6):1738.

9. Adams E, Grummer Strawn L, Chavez G. Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1070.

10. Drewnowski A, Darmon N. The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1 Suppl):265. 11. Singh G, Siahpush M, Kogan M. Rising social inequalities in US childhood obesity, 2003-2007. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(1):40. 12. United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. National School Lunch Program Fact Sheet.

http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/lunch/AboutLunch/NSLPFactSheet.pdf. Updated 2010. Accessed November 25, 2010. 13. United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. The School Breakfast Program Fact Sheet.

http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/breakfast/AboutBFast/SBPFactSheet.pdf. Updated 2010. Accessed November 25, 2010.

14. Bartfeld JS, Ahn HM. The School Breakfast Program Strengthens Household Food Security among Low-Income Households with Elementary School Children. J Nutr. 2011.

15. Briefel R, Wilson A, Gleason P. Consumption of low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages at school, home, and other locations among school lunch participants and nonparticipants. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S79.

16. Clark M, Fox M. Nutritional quality of the diets of US public school children and the role of the school meal programs. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S44.

17. Crepinsek MK, Singh A, Bernstein LS, McLaughlin JE. Dietary effects of universal-free school breakfast: findings from the evaluation of the school breakfast program pilot project. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(11):1796-1803.

18. Robinson-O'Brien R, Burgess-Champoux T, Haines J, Hannan P, Neumark-Sztainer D. Associations between school meals offered through the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program and fruit and vegetable intake among ethnically diverse, low- income children. J Sch Health. 2010;80(10):487.

19. Jones SJ, Jahns L, Laraia BA, Haughton B. Lower risk of overweight in school-aged food insecure girls who participate in food assistance: results from the panel study of income dynamics child development supplement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(8):780- 784.

20. Gleason PM, Dodd AH. School breakfast program but not school lunch program participation is associated with lower body mass index. J

Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2 Suppl):S118-28.

21. Kwan A, Mancinelli K, Freudenburg N. Recipes for Health: Improving School Food in New York City. 2010.

22. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Community Health Profiles: Take Care Highbridge and Morrisania. 2006. 23. Story M, Nanney MS, Schwartz MB. Schools and obesity prevention: creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Milbank Q. 2009;87(1):71-100.

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25. United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Section 204 of Public Law 108-265 265—June 30, 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004. http://www.fns.usda.gov/TN/Healthy/108-265.pdf. Updated 2004. Accessed November 10, 2010.

26. Bergman EA, Gordon RW, American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: local support for nutrition integrity in schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(8):1244-1254.

27. Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Delong E, et al. Early effects of the federally mandated Local Wellness Policy on school nutrition environments appear modest in Colorado's rural, low-income elementary schools. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(11):1712-1717.

28. Longley CH, Sneed J. Effects of federal legislation on wellness policy formation in school districts in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(1):95-101.

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30. Action for Healthy Kids. From the Top Down: Engaging school leaders in creating a healthier, more physically active school environment. 2008.

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B. SAMPLE ‘REFLECTIONS ON FIELDWORK’ DOCUMENT

NAME:

Student Name

Degree/Program:

MPH with concentration in Community Health Education