C. E NDANGERED S PECIES A CT C ONSULTATION
IV. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS: INTERFACE WITH EXISTING FEDERAL
IV. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS:
INTERFACE WITH EXISTING FEDERAL
STATUTES
In this section, we consider how CMSP can be implemented under the existing federal legal framework. A multitude of laws are important to consider for CMSP implementation.143 Here, we examine CMSP implementation using the National Environmental Policy Act, the Magnuson‐Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, and the Federal Power Act as examples of the possibilities and potential challenges for CMSP implementation under existing authority.
A. N ATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL P OLICY A CT
In the previous NEPA section, we addressed whether the development of CMS Plans and other Instruments would trigger NEPA requirements. Here, we examine how NEPA could be used to bolster the CMSP process. We examine two issues in particular: (1) tiering NEPA documents and (2) developing new NEPA regulations for CMSP.
1. Tiering
One question regarding the application of NEPA to the CMSP process is whether the NOC, the RPBs, or other federal agencies could use a NEPA “tiering” approach to structure planning‐related environmental analysis. The D.C. district court recently stated its approval of NEPA tiering “in situations where completing a program ‘involves many separate sub‐projects and will take many years.’” The
143 For an examination of federal authorities for CMSP, see generally ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INSTITUTE, MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING IN U.S.
WATERS (2009), available at http://www.elistore.org/reports_detail.asp?ID=11377.
Tenth Circuit has approved of tiering “where the specificity that NEPA requires is not possible until concrete specific proposals are submitted.”144
Not all courts approve of tiering to the same extent, however. The Ninth Circuit has specified that NEPA regulations only permit tiering from an EIS to another EIS; an EIS could not be tiered off of a non‐NEPA document, such as a national forest management plan, in addition to the document’s accompanying EIS.145
Benefits associated with tiering include reducing redundant analyses (through incorporation by reference) and improving cumulative effects assessments and comprehensive mitigation measures.146 One concern about tiering is the possibility that points of analysis can deferred as unripe at early stages of the NEPA process, only to be superficially covered or even skipped over at later stages.147 “The public is concerned that when tiering occurs the issues are vaguely described at the programmatic level and then not fully explored or refined at the site‐specific level.”148
The comprehensive cross‐sector planning embodied by the CMSP process is the type of
coordinated program that NEPA tiering is meant to facilitate. NEPA charges the federal government with
“attain[ing] the widest range of beneficial uses of the environment without degradation, risk to health or safety, or other undesirable and unintended consequences.”149 A 2003 NEPA Task Force, reporting on strategies to modernize NEPA, highlighted the need for federal, state, and local agencies and tribal representatives to collaborate on cross‐jurisdictional issues.150
144 Wilderness Society v. Salazar, 603 F. Supp. 2d 52, 61‐62 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Nevada v. Dep’t of Energy, 457 F.3d 78, 91 (D.C.
Cir. 2006); Park County Resource Council, Inc. v. Dep’t of Agriculture, 817 F.2d 609, 624 (10th Cir. 1987)).
145 Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S. Forest Service, 177 F.3d 800, 810 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Blackwood, 161 F.3d 1208, 1214 (9th Cir. 1998)).
146 As stated in CEQ’s NEPA regulations:
Whenever a broad environmental impact statement has been prepared (such as a program or policy statement) and a subsequent statement or environmental assessment is then prepared on an action included within the entire program or policy (such as a site specific action) the subsequent statement or environmental assessment need only summarize the issues discussed in the broader statement and incorporate discussions from the broader statement by reference and shall concentrate on the issues specific to the subsequent action.
40 C.F.R. § 1502.20. See also NEPA TASK FORCE, REPORT TO CEQ: MODERNIZING NEPA IMPLEMENTATION: THE NEPA TASK FORCE REPORT TO THE
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 35 (2003), available at http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/ntf/; Bureau of Land Management, Understanding the Differences between Programmatic and Project‐level NEPA, at 22 (presentation undated), available at gttp://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/presentations.Par.64982.File.pdf/Diff erences_Between_Programmatic_and_Project‐level_NEPA.pdf.
147 For example, in Shenandoah Valley Network v. Capka, a case involving high‐speed rail in Virginia, the plaintiffs unsuccessfully
“challenge[d] [an agency’s] use of tiering in the development of the I‐81 improvement plan, alleging that the tiering concept is a subterfuge to avoid compliance with NEPA.” The court did not find arbitrary the agency’s decision to issue a Tier 1 record of decision before a state study on the issues had been completed. 2009 WL 2905564, at *8 (W.D. Va. Sept. 3, 2009).
148 NEPA TASK FORCE, supra note 146, at 38 (2003).
149 42 USC § 4331(b)(3).
150 NEPA TASK FORCE, supra note 146, at 39 (2003).
Developing an EIS at an early stage of the CMSP process could result in more comprehensive analyses, as well as efficiency gains, when NEPA review of project‐level actions tiers from the broader EIS. One idea is that a Tier 1 analysis would look at area‐wide or program‐wide cumulative
environmental impacts and the mitigation measures that might effectively constrain them. A Tier 2 analysis would then focus “on those issues and mitigation measures specifically relevant to the narrower action but not analyzed in sufficient detail in the document.”151
For CMSP, the tiering process could include the following stages: (1) after the NOC is formed, completing an EIS for the national CMSP program; (2) completing an EIS for each regional CMS Plan; and (3) completing EISs as necessary for CMS Plan implementation actions. In such a tiered review system, a national‐level assessment could analyze, for the CMSP Framework as a whole, the principles and objectives that RPBs should prioritize and the mitigation strategies that they should adopt in regional CMS Plans. In turn, the CMS Plans could guide the scoping of more specific NEPA reviews.
2. New Regulations
A second question regarding the application of NEPA to CMSP is whether the Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ) could promulgate NEPA regulations designed specifically to structure parts of the CMSP process. In the Interim Report of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force, the Task Force recommends that the CEQ serve as one of the Co‐Chairs of the NOC. In addition to its Task Force and NOC responsibilities, CEQ is responsible for developing NEPA regulations.152 Serving this dual role could provide CEQ an opportunity to create NEPA regulations designed specifically for CMSP. New regulations could address the levels of NEPA analysis that would be appropriate for each stage of the planning process; flesh out a tiering approach; and provide stronger linkages between CMSP and the actions that agencies use to implement it.
151 Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, NEPA Handbook H‐1790‐1 at 27 (2008), available at
http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Information_Resources_Management/policy/blm_handbook.Par.24487.File .dat/h1790‐1‐2008‐1.pdf
152 See Exec. Order No. 11514, Protection and Enhancement of Environmental Quality (Mar. 5, 1970), as amended by Exec.
Order No. 11991 (May 24, 1977), available at http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo11514.pdf.