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5.5 Implications for the magmatic evolution of the Comei LIP
Numerous isotopic and geochemical studies have shown that most large igneous provinces and ocean island groups involve two or more components, on both global and regional scales. These components include primitive mantle, depleted mid-ocean ridge basalt mantle (DMM), sub-continental lithospheric (SCLM), and perhaps recycled continental/oceanic crust, pelagic sediment, or even outer core material (Ellam et al., 1992; Horan et al., 1995; Walker et al., 1995, 1999, 2002; Bennett et al., 1996; Hofmann, 1997; Sobolev et al., 2005 & 2007; Jackson et al., 2006, 2008, 2012).
Although the mafic rocks defining the Comei LIP are generally thought to be produced by activity of the Kerguelen mantle plume, the origin and geochemical structure of the Kerguelen mantle plume over the course of its lifetime still remain unclear and the magmatic characteristics of the Comei LIP can help to resolve questions concerning the evolution of the Kerguelen mantle plume.
Literature data summarized in Figs. 1 and 10 indicate that magmatic rocks associated with the Kerguelen mantle plume are dominantly mafic diabase dikes and basaltic lavas, with sparse evolved samples ranging from alkaline diorite to granitoids.
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The silicic rocks, with negative εNd(t) values from –11.6 to –11.0 (Fig. 10), are interpreted to be silicic melts derived from anatexis of shallow crustal materials, triggered by heat input from the Kerguelen mantle plume (Zhu et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2015). In contrast, most of the mafic rocks represent mantle-derived magma.
Excluding those altered samples with anomalous elevated initial Sr isotopic compositions, the majority of mantle-derived rocks from the Comei LIP can be divided into three end-members (Fig. 10). (1) A mantle plume end-member characterized by OIB-like REE and trace element patterns with εNd(t) values from +1.6 to +4.3, 87Sr/86Sr(t) values from 0.7040 to 0.7070, absence of Nb-Ta anomalies, and roughly chondritic Nb/La values from 0.76 to 1.11 (Zhu et al., 2007 & 2008; Xia et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015) is widely distributed in the Comei LIP, including the Cona, Rimowa and Gyangze areas (Fig. 1). (2) A plume-SCLM mixing end-member characterized by subduction influenced trace element patterns with obvious negative Nb-Ta anomalies, low Nb/La from 0.42 to 0.68, relatively low εNd(t) values from –3.3 to –1.5, and high 87Sr/86Sr(t) values from 0.7066 to 0.7075 has been documented in the Gyangze areas and dominates the Dala pluton (Fig.1, Wang et al., 2016 and this paper). The geochemistry of this end-member is consistent with mixing in reasonably constant proportions between (dominantly) Kerguelen plume-derived melts and (minor) melts derived from the enriched early Cretaceous Greater India subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Finally, (3) A depleted end-member characterized by N-MORB-like REE distribution patterns with εNd(t) values from +5.7 to +6.4,
87Sr/86Sr(t) values from 0.7050 to 0.7060, and intermediate Nb/La ratios from 0.51 to
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0.63 are relatively scarce, located only in the Cona area (Fig. 1), and are interpreted as melts derived from depleted asthenospheric mantle (Zhu et al., 2008). Collectively, the new data presented here and those from the literature both demonstrate that the source regimes for the mafic rocks in the Comei LIP show continuity over time in the geochemical character of the Kerguelen plume, with similar components found in the Rajmahal and Sylhet Traps, along the Ninety-Eastern Ridge and Broken Ridge, and throughout the Kerguelen Plateau and Islands themselves (Figs. 1 & 10).
After attempting to correct for variability of Ti due to magmatic differentiation, previous studies have proposed that the Ti contents as well as Ti/Y ratios and the distribution patterns of high-Ti versus low-Ti mafic rocks in LIPs can be used as a proxy to infer sources characteristics and the structure of a mantle plumes (Cox et al., 1967 & 1988; Gibson et al., 1995 & 1996; Xu et al., 2001 & 2004). However, we show here that the Ti contents in the Dala diabase are controlled dominantly by magmatic evolution processes rather than the mantle sources. The distribution of high-Ti (TiO2 > 2.5 wt%) and low-Ti (TiO2 < 2.5 wt%) mafic rocks throughout the Comei LIP does not show any systematic spatial pattern (Fig. 1). Both suites of rocks coexist in most localities. Except for a few depleted end-member samples with markedly low Ti content, mafic rocks throughout this LIP, whether isotopically close to the mantle plume end-member or to the plume-SCLM mixing end-member, include both high-Ti and low-Ti rocks. TiO2 by itself in the whole group and within each geochemical subgroup is uncorrelated with either εNd(t) or Nb/La ratio (Fig. 12a-b).
Samples from the two end-members throughout the Comei province generally
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resemble the typical liquid line of descent for a primary OIB composition in Fig.12c (Prytulak and Elliott, 2007), indicating major control by magmatic differentiation.
Hence, elemental Ti and Ti/Y ratio variations in Comei LIP and other magmatic melting of dominantly Kerguelen plume-derived melts mixed minor melts derived from the enriched early Cretaceous Greater India subcontinental lithospheric mantle.
The Dala diabase consists of a high-Mg/low-Ti series and a low-Mg/high-Ti series of mafic rocks, although both suites share a common isotopic character and systematically related trace element signature. The high-Mg/low-Ti series are more primitive mafic magmas and lie on a common liquid line of descent with most of the low-Mg/high-Ti suite, dominated by olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation, followed by plagioclase within the low-Mg/high-Ti series. These processes also lead to systematic changes in trace element geochemistry, especially in compatible elements, REE, and major elements such as Ti and P. However, a subgroup of the low-Mg/high-Ti suite displays an anomalous trend in major and trace-element variation that may show ilmenite accumulation rather than magmatic liquid compositions. We show that consideration of the petrogenetic relationship between low-Ti and high-Ti mafic rocks, for example in TiO2-MgO space, is necessary before
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using Ti contents to infer the structure of source regimes or degrees of melting.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Special Scientific Research Fund of Public Welfare Profession of China (Grant No.201511022), China Geological Survey Project (Grant No.12120115027101), National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41425010, 41503023) and National Foundation from China Scholarship Council. PDA’s participation was supported by the US National Science Foundation, award EAR-1550934.
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