In-group Hatred - Web of Hatred

Chapter 3 Web of Hatred

3. In-group Hatred

(hell Chosun, hellfire peninsula)

From this research, I identified two different types of hate and named them as ordinary hatred and responsive hatred. Now there is one more type of hate left to cover. I name this hate as in-group hatred. Hate expressions relevant to this type of hatred are “hell Chosun” and “hellfire peninsula”. These words existed beforehand, but became popular in 2015. Such popularity can be seen from over 3000 news articles about these expressions, all produced since December 2014.

The popularity of these expressions comes from their meaning that can be used in various circumstances. Both expressions refer to South Korea as hell, claiming Korea is no longer a habitat that people can live in. With these hate expressions, people express their tough lives in the nation caused by various negative incidents such as political corruption, stagflation, unemployment, media manipulation and unfair competition. An example is posting from the DCinside hell Chosun gallery, which is a bulletin board that only treats post related to this expression. In the post, writer translates typical job interviewer’s statements with a pessimistic view. Some translations are “You have a low GPA” meaning get out, “It is possible to shift to a permanent position” meaning it is possible, but not for the interviewee.

("Helchosŏn...ch'aeyongkongko...pŏnyŏkki.jpg"). By such translation, the writer claims finding a job in South Korea is extremely difficult.

This in-group hatred occurs as the haters’ views change. Previous types of online hatred were produced due to out-groups having negative influences on in-group or hate from initial haters. However, when the haters change their view, their out-groups are also part of a larger in-group named South Korea. Therefore, all these negative impacts are caused inside the same nation. Consequently, in-group hatred occurs due to haters blaming the negative impacts on the nation, which is a larger group that both previous in-group and out-group belong to.

Conclusion

To conclude, I identified three different types of hatred by analyzing representative online hate expressions in Korea. First, ordinary hatred occurs due to haters’ view of out- groups as negative influences to haters’ in-groups. Second, responsive hatred is occurred by the initial hatred that one cannot understand. People who do not share the initial haters’ view will not understand hate and in response express hate towards the initial hater. Third, all this hatred comes from haters’ out-group, but eventually all these out-groups are part of a larger in-group named South Korea. Thus, the haters hate their nation as well.

Considering the causes of these different types of hatred, I assert online hatred is expressions of haters’ social grievances. View of out-groups as a negative influence, incomprehensible hate from out-groups, and in-group possessing these negative influences are all grievances for the haters. From this statement, a more important task arises, which is finding ways to remove the grievances.

Some solutions can be identified from imprudently selected hate targets. For instance, Korean women may seem economically incompetent compared to men. However, the majority of Korean women gains less average starting salary than men with similar background ("Chungsokiŏp sinip ch'oim p'yŏngkyunyŏnpong"). Also, there are even portion of women who suffered from employers’ pressure to leave after having a baby (Lee Hyun- Soo). Thus, such view of incompetency can be removed by appropriate policies and regulations from government and companies. Similarly, grievances about unfair academic systems can be solved by having one specific system rather than maintaining both traditional and nontraditional systems at the same time.

Consequently, government and corporations' appropriate actions will solve some of social grievances. However, one important point must be considered. What if the social grievances are simply tools for in-groups to confirm their superiority compared to out- groups? This question does not mean hatred is not expression of social grievances. Considering in-group hatred that hates their own nation, there are some hatred clearly occurred by social grievances. Through the question, I am suggesting some haters are

viewing their hate targets as a weaker group rather than negative influences to their in-group. If one turns the tables, the negative influences caused by out-groups can be

interpreted as out-groups' flaws. To elaborate, law school students are hated due to achieving the same goal with less effort. In another way, lawyers who passed bar exam can use this hatred as a tool to see lawyers from law school as a less intelligent group. Also, Korean women's incompetence lets men view women as weaker incapable existences. Left wing and right wing can be used in the same sense as well. Both groups consider the other as a lesser group with inappropriate thinking, interpretation about issues.

In such cases, one solution is to eliminate the identities. For instance, if either law school or bar exam is abolished, only one of the two identities is left and the superiority

disappears. Of course, some identities such as men and women is not as simple as law school systems. However, those identities must be negated as well if hatred purposes to give

superiority to specific identities.

Therefore, whether hatred is used as an expression of social grievances or tool for superiority, both have possible solutions. Resolving the haters' social grievances and negating identities are the primary solutions to eliminate hatred. Starting with the specific suggestions in this paper, we will be able to begin eradicating online hatred in South Korea.

Works Cited

"10nyŏnina sasika chonchaehaessnŭnte lok'witŭlŭn" 10년이나 사시가 존재했는데 로퀴들은 [Bar exam existed for ten years, law school bugs]. DCinside. DCinside, 18 Mar. 2016. Web. 19 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=jcexam&no=150128>.

"Chungsokiŏp sinip ch'oim p'yŏngkyunyŏnpong 2,139manwŏn...chinanhaepota 2.2% sangsŭng" 중소기업 신입 초임 평균연봉 2,139만원...지난해보다 2.2% 상승 [Small and medium sized businesses new employees' starting salary 2,139 thousand won...2.2% increased from last year]. Etnews. Etnews, 22 July 2011. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. <http://www.etnews.com/201107220104>.

"Helchosŏn...ch'aeyongkongko...pŏnyŏkki.jpg" 헬조선...채용공고...번역기.jpg [Hell Chosun...job posting...translator.jpg] DCinside. DCinside, 12 Jan. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=hellkorea>.

"kimyŏsa...chuch'a...gif" 김여사...주차...gif [Mrs. Kim...Parking...gif]. DCinside. DCinside, 16 Jan. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=baseball_new4>.

"Kongp'oŭi...kimyŏsa....gif" 공포의...김여사....gif [Terrifying...Mrs. Kim....gif]. DCinside. DCinside, 18 Feb. 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=stock_new1>.

Lee, Hyun-Soo 이현수. "Imsinkŭnlocha ap'esŏ tampae p'iumyŏ t'oechik appak"

임신근로자 앞에서 담배 피우며 퇴직 압박 [Pressuring Pregnant employees to

quit by smoking in front of them]. DongA. DongA, 8 Oct. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://news.donga.com/3/all/20141008/67017261/1>.

Lee, Sun-Min. "Pushback Grows against Online Women-bashing." Korea JoongAng Daily. Korea JoongAng Daily, 13 July 2015. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.

<http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3006515>.

"Mekaelesŏ kuti yaeki anhako sokŭlo saengkakhaeto toenŭnkŏstŭl (ng ng)" 메갤에서 굳이 얘기 안하고 속으로 생각해도 되는것들 (ㅇㅇ) [Things that should be thought to oneself in Megalia]. Megalia. Megalia, 2 Sept. 2015. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.

<http://www.megalian.com/best/monthly/95112>.

"Na Chwajominde" 나 좌좀인데 [I am left wing zombie]. DCinside. DCinside, 7 Feb. 2016. Web. 1 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=news_new&no=3160783&page=1&search_po s=&s_type=search_all&s_keyword=%EC%88%98%EA%B5%AC%EA%BC%B4%ED %86%B5>.

"Noinch'ungsaekkitŭlŭn kongkongtosŏkwan omyŏn antoenta" 노인충새끼들은

공공도서관 오면 안된다 [Elderly bug bastards shouldn't come to public libraries]. DCinside. DCinside, 10 Jan. 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=readingroom>.

"Siktangesŏ chachŏnkŏt'anŭnae nwatunŭn mamch'ung.jpg" 식당에서 자전거타는애 놔두는 맘충.jpg [Mom bug who left her child riding a bike in a restaurant]. DCinside. DCinside, 11 Sept. 2015. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=stock_new1>.

"Ssipal pangkŭm chihach'ŏlesŏ noinch'ungsaekki "씨발 방금 지하철에서 노인충새끼 줘팰뻔했다 [Fuck. Just right now, I almost beat up an elderly bug ]. DCinside. DCinside, 4 July 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2016.

"Susich'ung ng k r ng" 수시충 ㅇㄱㄹㅇ [Early decision bugs, this is real]. DCinside. DCinside, 22 Mar. 2015. Web. 2 Mar. 2016.

"Toenchangnyŏŭi halu chonusk'k'k'k'k'k'" 된장녀의 하루 존웃ㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋㅋ [A Dwenjang women's day so funny]. DCinside. DCinside, 13 Jan. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=superidea>

"Ŭichŏnch'ung kae kŭkhyŏmita.." 의전충 개 극혐이다.. [Medical school bugs are so hateful..]. DCinside. DCinside, 14 Dec. 2015. Web. 2 Mar. 2016.

Complete List of References

7shit'ongsuhakkaeron 7시통수학개론. "518 takaontachintchakŭmanhako 518ttaetolakasinpuntŭlkkemuknyŏmhaela " 518다가온다진짜그만하고

518때돌아가신분들께묵념해라 [518 is soon, please stop and salute the deceased]. 일베저장소. 일베저장소, 13 May 2013. Web. 30 Oct.

2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/1218350002>.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=jcexam&no=150128>.

Ach'ŏmkkun 아첨꾼. "Taŭmesŏ 'nŏ ilpech'ungichi' punt'angchilŭl haepoassta punt'angchil TIP" 다음에서 '너 일베충이지' 분탕질을 해보았다 분탕질 TIP [Tried "Are you Ilbe bug?" dissipation on Daum, dissipation TIP]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 17 July 2013. Web. 2 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ilbe.com/1602166350>.

agm8****. "Kŭtongan ilpech'ungtŭl ikanchil hantako yokman haessnŭnte kŭke anilanŭn sasili much'ŏk nollapta " 그동안 일베충들 이간질 한다고 욕만 했는데 그게 아니라는 사실이 무척 놀랍다.... [Until now I have been thinking Ilbe bugs have been manipulating, but it is surprising that was not the case]. Naver news. Naver, 7 Feb. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=001&aid=0006740863&date=20140207&type=1&rankingSectionId=102 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1>

Albammajŭllae 알밤맞을래.

"Sewŏlhoyuchoktŭlchŏltaekukkaesŏposanghaechwŏsŏnantoenta"

세월호유족들절대국가에서보상해줘선안된다 [The nation must not reward the families of Sewol ferry victims]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 18 Apr. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/3355485541>.

bara****. "Utŏl chŏnlatonŭn maliyŏ! insinmaemaenŭn pŏmchoeto anilangkke~ ikŏsi ta sŭnsangnimŭi ttŭs anikŏssnŭngka?" 우덜 전라도는 말이여! 인신매매는 범죄도

아니랑께~ 이거시 다 슨상님의 뜻 아니겄능가? [In our Jeolla region! Human

trafficking is not even a crime~ Isn’t this all what seun-sang-nim wants?"]. Naver news. Naver, 7 Feb. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=001&aid=0006740863&date=20140207&type=1&rankingSectionId=102 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1>

Borowiec, Steven. "The Sewol's Bitter Political Divide." Time. Time, 24 Oct. 2014. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Changaeinp'anbyŏlga 장애인판별가. "[Lokochŏchangso]

ilpelokosewŏlhokwanlyŏntoesŏmantŭlŏpwassta" [로고저장소]

일베로고세월호관련되서만들어봤다 [[Logo storage]. I made an Ilbe logo related to Sewol ferry]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 19 Apr. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

<http://www.ilbe.com/3364988105>.

Choe, Sang-hun. "Court Says South Korean Dictator, Father of Current President, Violated Constitution." The New York Times. The New York Times, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/world/asia/court-says-south-korean-

Choi, HyoungJoo, and Kathy Novak. "S. Korean Sentenced in Knifing of U.S. Ambassador - CNN.com." CNN. Cable News Network, 11 Sept. 2015. Web. 9 Nov 2015.

<http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/10/asia/south-korean-stabbing-sentence-u-s- ambassador/>.

Chwajomsugŏgi 좌좀수거기. "Iyŏchamich'inkŏmachchi?" 이여자미친거맞지? [This women is crazy right?]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 15 Aug. 2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/6392843368>.

dndn****. "Ilaeto chongpuki ŏpsnya?? kanch'ŏpi ŏpsnya??? inalanŭn yechŏn chŏntuhwankat'ŭnsalami hanpŏntŏ nawasŏppalkansaektŭl ssakŭli chapata sukch'ŏnghaeyatoem witchoktongneka salachichi anhnŭnhan ulinalaesŏ

minchuchuŭinŭn sach'ita sach'i" 이래도 종북이 없냐?? 간첩이 없냐??? 이나라는

예전 전두환같은사람이 한번더 나와서빨간색들 싸그리 잡아다 숙청해야됨

위쪽동네가 사라지지 않는한 우리나라에서 민주주의는 사치다 사치" [Still not

going to clean the Reds? We need someone like Chun Do Hwan and kill them all. As long as the uptown doesn't disappear, democracy in our country is extravagance] Naver news. Naver. 5 Mar. 2015. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=001&aid=0007446528&date=20150305&type=1&rankingSectionId=100 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1>.

euni****. "T'ongchintangi hech'eka kkŭt'i anita. chwakyŏngselyŏkŭn chiha chochikŭl

mantŭlŏ tŏ kŭklyŏlhake hwaltonghal kŏsita. i kihoee aekukpŏp mantŭlko haektaechung, nomuhyŏni mulyŏkhwa han kukpopŏp pokanghaesŏ chongpuk kanch'ŏp sot'anghacha.. kimkichonginŭn hankukkwa mikuk CIA kongcholo susahaesŏ kŭ paehu selyŏkŭl ch'ŏlchŏhi palkhyŏya hanta. sŭnsangnimi mantŭn kimkichong twie nuka issŭl chi kitaeka toenta. amt'ŭn chongpuk ch'ŏkkyŏl!!!" 통진당이 헤체가 끝이 아니다.

좌경세력은 지하 조직을 만들어 더 극렬하게 활동할 것이다. 이 기회에

애국법 만들고 핵대중, 노무현이 무력화 한 국보법 보강해서 종북 간첩

소탕하자.. 김기종이는 한국과 미국 CIA 공조로 수사해서 그 배후 세력을

철저히 밝혀야 한다. 슨상님이 만든 김기종 뒤에 누가 있을 지 기대가 된다.

암튼 종북 척결!!!" [We should use this opportunity to create patriotic law and reinforce the national security law to eliminate the North Korean supporting spies. Korea and America’s CIA should cooperate together and find out the organization behind him. I look forward to finding out who is behind Kim Ki Jong created by seun- sang-nim]. Naver news. Naver, 4 March. 2015. Web. 2 Dec. 2015.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=277&aid=0003447114&date=20150305&type=0&rankingSectionId=100 &rankingSeq=4&m_view=1>

ez05****. "Chepal i hankukesŏ chwachomchongpuktŭlŭn chepalchepal salachyŏssŭmyŏn chohkessta" 제발 이 한국에서 좌좀종북들은 제발제발 사라졌으면 좋겠다 [I wish the left wing zombies disappear from this country]. Naver news. Naver. 5 Mar. 2015. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.

lar_day&oid=001&aid=0007445570&date=20150305&type=1&rankingSectionId=100 &rankingSeq=1&m_view=1 >.

FA Haiyaek'ŭ FA하이얘크. "Chŏnlatokamusŭnchalmosissnyasaekkitŭla "

전라도가무슨잘못있냐새끼들아 [What did Jeolla region do wrong?]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 22 Oct. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.ilbe.com/6796909750>. "Flashback: The Kwangju Massacre" BBC News. BBC, 17 May 2000. Web. 29 Oct. 2015. gafg**** "Amuli chŏnlatolŭl ongho hallyŏhaeto ilŏnilŭn tto chŏnlatone chongpuk ppalkaengi

아무리 전라도를 옹호 할려해도 이런일은 또 전라도네 종북 빨갱이 [Despite

effort to advocate the Jeolla region, these incidents again happened in Jeolla region again, North Korea supporting reds]. Naver news. Naver. 5 Mar. 2015. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=001&aid=0007446528&date=20150305&type=1&rankingSectionId=100 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1 >.

Ha, Ji Yul 하지율. "Ilpenŭn wae 'ilpe loko' p'ŏttŭliki chipch'akhalkka " 일베는 왜 '일베 로고' 퍼뜨리기 집착할까? [Why is Ilbe obsessed with spreading Ilbe logos?]. OhmyNews. OhmyNews, 11 Apr. 2015. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.

<http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002098047> .

Hangmunch'ung항문충. "Kak'aot'ok tant'okpang sanŏphwa wanlyohaessta ikiya " 가카오톡 단톡방 산업화 완료했다 이기야 [I finished industrializing a Kakaotalk messenger group]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 3 Nov. 2016.

Hongŏnŭnjojyŏdodwae 홍어는조져도돼. "Saepusichŏl kŏllyŏisstŏn sanŏphwa chalyo kongchi ch'oetaehan pokku Version 2" 새부시절 걸려있던 산업화 자료 공지 최대한 복구 Version 2 [Recovered industrialization information from the Saebu era Version 2]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 31 Jan. 2015. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.

<http://www.ilbe.com/5187013403>.

Hyŏnmujungdaejang 현무중대장. "Chikŭmkwanghwamunesŏhanŭntansikŭnsakita.

chŭngkŏsachinp'och'akham " 지금광화문에서하는단식은사기다. 증거사진포착함 [The hunger strike at Gwanghwamun Gate is a fraud. Evidence included]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 5 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/4236281931>. Kim, Hui-jun 김희준. " aekuktanch'ech'ongyŏnhaphoe, minchungch'ongkwŏlkich'amyŏ

'53kaetanch'eshŏrkopal" 애국단체총연합회, 민중총궐기참여 '53개단체檢고발

[Federation of Patriotic Organizations sue 53 organizations participated in the public rally]. Newsis. Newsis, 3 Dec. 2015. Web. 20 Dec. 2015.

<http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20151203_0010455656&cID=1 0201&pID=10200>.

Kim, Hak Jun. "Dynamics of Cyber Hate and Effervescence; Focusing on the Korean Internet Community 'Ilbe-Joejangso'" MA Thesis. Seoul National University (2014). RISS. Web. 4 Sept. 2015.

Kim Ilsŏngtae cpa 김일성대 cpa. "Saenuritangtokkalkkŏnkkayatoenta"

cases.jpg]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 4 Aug. 2013. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/1718117957 >.

Kim, Jin Sung 김진성. "Pyŏnhoin', p'yŏngchŏm 9chŏmtae kokonghaengchint'ss 'ilpe'to kŏllimtol mos twaessta" '변호인', 평점 9점대 고공행진… '일베'도 걸림돌 못 됐다 ['The Attorney', nine out of ten rating...'Ilbe' was no obstacle]. Tvdaily. Tvdail, 20 Dec. 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2016.

<http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1387513616623988008>.

"kimyŏsa...chuch'a...gif" 김여사...주차...gif [Mrs. Kim...Parking...gif]. DCinside. DCinside, 16 Jan. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=baseball_new4>.

"Kongp'oŭi...kimyŏsa....gif" 공포의...김여사....gif [Terrifying...Mrs. Kim....gif]. DCinside. DCinside, 18 Feb. 2016. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.

<http://gall.dcinside.com/board/view/?id=stock_new1>.

K'ŭbojwawanwŏnt'ap 크보좌완원탑. "kwangchunŭnminchuhwauntongita. ilpech'ungtŭla" 광주는민주화운동이다. 일베충들아 [Gwangju is a democratization movement. Ilbe bugs]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 7 June 2013. Web. 30 Oct.

2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/1368891509>.

kuma****. "Yŏlŏpun uli motu chŏnlato out ŭl oech'ipsita" 여러분 우리 모두 전라도 out 을 외칩시다 [Everyone, let's shout out Jeolla region out] Naver news. Naver. 7 Feb. 2014. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.

<http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popu lar_day&oid=001&aid=0006740863&date=20140207&type=1&rankingSectionId=102 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1>.

K'ŭnappa 큰아빠. "100punt'olonpokoilpeechŏpsokhasinyŏsŏngpuntŭlposeyo"

100분토론보고일베에접속하신여성분들보세요 [Females accessed to Ilbe after

watching 100minute debate, look here]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 29 May 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/1306410171>.

Kwon, Pearl Jinju. "THE RE-EVALUATION OF THE SUNSHINE POLICY: FAILURE OR SUCCESS?" The Public Sphere 2014 (2014): 100-12. Web. 1 Apr. 2016.

Lee, Hyun-Soo 이현수. "Imsinkŭnlocha ap'esŏ tampae p'iumyŏ t'oechik appak"

임신근로자 앞에서 담배 피우며 퇴직 압박 [Pressuring Pregnant employees to

quit by smoking in front of them]. DongA. DongA, 8 Oct. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. <http://news.donga.com/3/all/20141008/67017261/1>.

Lee, Min-A 이민아. "'Ilpe' haklyŏkinchŭng taelan "ulika tchichililako?"" '일베' 학력인증 대란 "우리가 찌질이라고?" ['Ilbe' certification crisis "We are losers?"]. Money Today. Money Today, 22 Oct. 2012. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.

<http://www.mt.co.kr/view/mtview.php?type=1&no=2012102211504317977&outlink= 1>.

Lee, Sun-Min. "Pushback Grows against Online Women-bashing." Korea JoongAng Daily. Korea JoongAng Daily, 13 July 2015. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.

<http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3006515>.

leon****. "Namtchoke issnŭn chwappaltŭl mocholi chapa ch'ŏhyŏnghacha " 남쪽에 있는 좌빨들 모조리 잡아 처형하자 [We need to kill all the left wing zombies]. Naver news. Naver. 5 Mar. 2015. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.

lar_day&oid=001&aid=0007446528&date=20150305&type=1&rankingSectionId=100 &rankingSeq=2&m_view=1>

Lummis, C. Douglas. Radical Democracy. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1996. Print.

"18th Presidential Election". National Election Commission. National Election Commission, Web. 22 Oct. 2015.

Matchipchŏnmun'ga 맛집전문가. "Yŏchanŭnkaeanimyŏnch'angnyŏta"

여자는개아니면창녀다 [Women is a dog or a prostitute]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.<http://www.ilbe.com/5560385701>.

<http://www.megalian.com/best/monthly/95112>.

Misak'itchangnaekkŏranŭng 미사키짱내꺼라능. "Chŏntuhwanŭl ppalmyŏn antoenŭn iyu" 전두환을 빨면 안되는 이유 [The reason why we shouldn't support Chun Do Hwan]. Ilbejŏjangso. Ilbejŏjangso, 8 May 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.

<http://www.ilbe.com/72559646>.

Mŏgarikkaejim 머가리깨짐. "Hankukyŏchaŭichangchŏm " 한국여자의장점 [Korean

In document Thesis (Page 56-77)