INRODUCION

lg a aiaf s a exese  w te ots sensory eetio, tat of baae viso tou

ad eag obied wt te decson makng process eates te equed oodated sal

eatio eessa to oto te aiaf e sae ods tue fo a eso divig a oto a o d

ig a bile I ode to udestad ow we oess ifoatio it is fist eessa to ave soe kowledge of te sstes voved  te task

B. HE GENERAL SYSEM

  HE CENRAL NERVOUS SYSEM

E BRAIN (a uto

Eaie we efeed to te bai as te bods oute ad  a lted sese, tis s so e abil to tk seak, judge, easo ad ea ae al futos of te ua ba But oe ta just tese itelletual atvites te ba also diets ou beatg, etabos, voluta

ad ivoluta oveets, egulates ad oodiates al te seso essos we eeive ad te eotos we feel

(b oato

e bai s oused  a igid bo skul wi ovdes oteto aog wt tee dffeet tes of ebae o eiges A ea olouess fluid aled te cererospnal fud suouds te bai atg as bot lubat ad sok absobe ad also asssts te boodstea i bigig utiets to te bai ad eovig waste oduts is lae task is of aiua otae i tat it otets te bai fo otaiato b waste oduts

aied b te bood

( Coosto

( Ceebu

s, te lagest ad ost igl develoed a of te ba, s loated i te aea iediatel ude te skul It s oeed wt te oe olex futios of te bai

su as tougt, eo, seso eetio voluta oveet ad as su is te stutue w seaates uas fo ote aias e oute sufae of te eebu

alled te cerera corex is esosble fo otollg te seso ogas (ees ad eas

as wel as oto ativtes su as wakg ad ug

e eebu s dvded dow te dde fo fot to bak ito wo aves o

hemspheres ea of w s esosble fo otolg te ativties of te oppose side of te bod fo exae te ef eisee otos te igt side of te bod Altoug

sila  aeaae tee ae ve lea funcona dfeees bewee te, fo exale te develoet ad use of laguage see ad witg s aied out i te lef

esee, wlst te igt esee s esosible fo eatvi ad sata oietatio

(i Ceebeu

About te ie of a ea o ougl oeegt te e of te eebu, te eebelu s

osideed te ost tve a of te bai ad s esosibe fo baae o

equilbu, ad usua oodatio

(ii e Bai Ste

e ba ste oises sevea as te futos of wi ilude lkg te sia

od to te ige as of te ba, otolig te eatbeat, blood essue beatig, bod teeatue, faia oveet ad sesato, ee usle otol, sex dve, easue,

a uge ad tist

Prvae Po Lcence Revson 2/200

© Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

THE SPNL CHORD

HUMA IFORMATIO ROCESSIG

Page 9-

Te na cord i contained wtin, and tu rotected by te bacbone or spnal column wic i made u o ma bone caled vrtbra. Eac verebra  contructed lie a olid rng,

earated om te above and beow vertebrae by a cuionng ayer o carage caled a dsc

taced to te ear o eac verebra i a bony arcie tructue caled te spnal canal wtin wic i oued te vey agile spnal chord Oenng between te vertebae allow neve to ente and leave te na cod a tey a to and om te am, leg and trun. Te na

cord erve a te mao ln aing meage to and om te ban and te body

Togete, te ban and te ina cod come te central nevou ytem. ee iur 9-1.

rrum

in or

rum

in or

r

 nr rou ym  r n in or

Fgur  Th Cntral Nrvous Systm

. PERPHERL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Te eea nevou ytem, wic connect te cental nervou ytem to te body organ

ytem comrie te somatic and autonomc ytem

Te omatc ytem ncude snsory neve wic ca meage om te ene ogan and ote body recetor to te ban or roceing

Te autonomic ytem, or bologcal control systm ncude nerve wic are ony motor nerve, te uroe o wc i to reguate bodiy uncton uc a breating, weating ea ate and te blining o te eye No conciou tougt i equed o ti ytem to unction

Rflxs ae anoter exame o te unctoning o bot te omatic and te autonomic ytem 

you nadvertenty touc ometng wic i ot you will automaticaly ul your and away witout your brain telling you to t  te lin between te enory neve, wic ee te eat, and a motor

nerve, wic direct te reone.

3 SENSE ND SENSTVTY

t wa te Gree looer rtotle wo caied te ive ene a gt, ound, mel, tate and touc. Today, o coure we now tat tere are indeed many more te more ernent,

ea, rom our oint o vew being vetibua (acceeaton, balance, gravty, netetic (te ability to detect moton toug ou muce, tendon and oint and te n ability to dtingu

cold and wamt a wel a an and reure.

t i troug snso rcpton tat we react to cange in te body ntena and extena

environment Te body organ aocated wt te ene contain igy ecaied ene cel or rcptors wic are excted by a articular timulu Te snsitivty tat i it aby to eond to a tmulu o te eceto n te variou ogan  derent. Potoreceto n te eye ae

enitve to lgt, mecanoecetor (in te in and ear ae enitive to touc, ound and equilbrum cemoreceto (in te noe and mout ae entve to mel and tate, wilt Prvat Plot Lcnc

Rvson 2/200

© Avx Ar Tranng 0/2004

HUMAN INFORMATON PROCESSING

osidered esseal for ielige behavior, for wiho t we wod be abe to ear It s still ot fly destood how he memory woks, b i sime erms memory stoage foows a hema dallg it yo wil robaby have forgoe most of the mber ess yo otaly eeat t i

yo md  method sed o ty to irease he aaiy of the shoterm memo is

HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING

Page 94 ifoato Reheasal o ote leag like cag fo a exaiatio, seldo esults  log te etetio.

(c) Log-te Meoy

The log-te eoy, the ais had die, s whee the geatest capacity fo stog ifoato exists. Hee foatio ca e stoed fo a few oths, a few yeas o a etie lfete  the capacy alost defies elief. If ot used egulaly foatio stoed hee does decay with tie although edece suggests that ifoatio is ee fully fogotte it eely

ecoes oe dificult to etiee Po to stoage ifoatio is classifed ito two aeas

(i) Seatc Meoy

Seatic o meaning eoy deals with the stoage of foato i wod fo ad s assocated wth aility ad udestadg such as dig a ca o flyig a aeoplae ad the use of laguage o eeeig how to spell a wod Clealy if we ae to stoe foato

hee we eed to nderstand t a actio that eques cocetato ad total aeto ad oe that is ot the poduct of ote leaig. We ca help ouseles y assocatg ew foato

wth that aleady stoed o y leag ew ifoato i the eioet whee it wll e pactsed fo exaple a expeieced flyig istucto will suggest to a studet that he sits 

the paed aeoplae whle leag a sequece of checs athe tha i a cofoale chai at hoe

(ii) Epsodic Meoy

Episodic o the event eoy s esposile fo stog eets o epsodes which hae ee

expeeced duig ou daly lies. It s quite coo that such eets ae ot stoed copletely accuately ut ae flueced o odfied y ou ow atitudes ad expectatos The testoy of a peso who s a expet i a pacula field ad ay hae wtessed a cidet i his aea of expese, ay e coloued y hs ow oinion of what occued athe tha e a exact accout of what actually happeed

3 REMEMBERING AND ORGEING

Oce foato has ee stoed  the eoy it ca e etieed o ecalled at ay tie ad 

diffeet ways Recoection eas that we ae ale to ecoe o epoduce ifoato that we hae stoed i ou eoy Aothe ethod of usig eoy is recognition - the identification of

foatio o ateial that we hae ecouteed peously It ofe happes that we ght

ecogse soeoes face ut ae uale to eee the ae - a classc exaple of good

ecogtio ut ad ecollectio Aothe exaple of whch s the dificuly i eeeg a pacula wod These lapses i eoy ae stll ot fully udestood ut see to illustate the coplex pocedues ioled  eoy stoage ad ecollectio Methods used to ipoe eoy

clude

(a) the use of checklsts () eoics

(c) pactice ad epetto

(d) associato with stoed data

orgetting, which s pehaps cosideed a ad thg actually sees a ipoat fucto ad ay

e classfied i thee dieet ways:

(a) The Efect of Te

The atual atto due to the passage of te Ifoatio whch s ot used o is o loge

useful teds to e dscaded

() Itefeece

Ths theoy suggests that ew ifoatio whch is added to the eoy iteees with sila

ifoato which is aleady stoed

(c) Motiated

Ths efes to the desie to foget soethig ecause you wat to Upleasat o tauatic

eoes ae stoed y the a  a way that akes the dficult to ecall ad i the pocess spae you uecessay etal aguish.

Private Piot icence Revision 2/200

© Avex Air Training 0/2004

4 AMNESIA

HUMAN NFORMATON PROCESSNG

Page 9-5

his em efes o he loss of he abiliy o emember I ca apply o old o ew memories ca be

oa o paial pemae o oly empoary ca be as a esul of bai damage o cocussio

disease dugs or psychological auma. Mos commoly i afecs episodic memory oly so ha

eves are forgote bu he perso is abe o spea coherely he difee ypes ad causes iclude

a) Age

his is a commo cause possibly due o deerioaio i he cadio-vascula sysem which

esuls i oo litle blood ad possibly oo few uies reachig he bai Sice memoies are soed i differe pars of he brai i ofe happes ha od memoies ae reaied bu more

ece eves ae forgoe. he degeeraive diseases of old age ae also esposibe fo

deerioaio i memoy ad amesia. lde me ae suscepibe o asie goba amesia

which ca cause oss of memory fo miues o hours.

b) Alcohoism

Log em acoholism esuls i he gradual deeioraio of bai cels ad hus memory. Very heavy diers are uabe o emember he eves ha ook pace while hey wee ioxicaed

c) Head Ijuries

e of he effecs of a head ijury is emporary amesia wih he memoy loss occuig from

he ime jus befoe he ijuy uil jus afer Usualy memory reurs as he ijury heals.

d) Cassic o Hyseica Amesia

his is usually he esul of emoioal sress where he sufere is so overwhelmed ha amesia povides he escape from eaiy he peso may believe hey ae i a srage place o ow

hei ame fom where hey come o o where hey ae goig Ivariaby ough hey have reaied a kowledge of aguage ad social cusoms.

e) he ypes of Amesia

Less commo ypes of amesia icude Audiory Amesia i which hee is o memoy for wods ad Visual Amesia which is he iabiliy o ecogise objecs ha were oce familiar ad eve pied words

f) Fugue Sae

his is a psychatrc condton, which may las from a few days o a few weeks, i which a perso suddely oses al ecollecio of heir persoal ideity ad pas life duig he course of which hey may move o aohe aea assume a ew ideity ad employme oaly uaware of ay chage i heir omal exisece. Eually suddely he codiio passes eavig he sufere disessed ad cofused as o how hey came o be i his ew evirome ad uable

o remember ayhig ha occurred while i he fugue sae. his codiios eds o afec oly

hose wih hyserical pesoaiies o a backgoud of charace disoder ad is geeraly caused by a vey iese emoioa expeiece

D INFORMAION PROCESSNG

. AENIN AN VIGIANCE

he abiliy of humas o pocess ifomaio is effecively deemied by wo facors he attenton

pa ad h sho tem memoy, wih he limied amou of ifrmaio which i ca rai he coo ha we have ove our aeio is limied ad o mater how vigila we may ry o be we ca be easily disraced by oher sighs or souds. Huma aeio ca be caegoised as folows

a) SELECIVE AENIN

his is simply a sysem of examg ad prioriisig he seso ipu simui. hose simuli which are perie o he ask a had are reaied whis he remaider jus ade away. Sess

pays a impora role i he eeio of simui whee sress eves ae o oo high excess capaciy alows he perso o be awae of ohe simui such as someoe callg you or i he case of he pio of a aeropae audible warig sigals or AC commuicaio Where sress levels ae high a greaer demad is paced o our ateio ad i is possible ha impora

iformaio ca be overlooed o discaded Fo exampe he pilo of a aicaf joiig a very

Prvate Plot Lcence Revson 2/200

© Avex Ar Tranng 0/2004

UMAN INORMATION PROCSSING

Pag 6 bsy circt at hgh spd, tyng to ook ot for trafic istn to AT and coplt anding chcksts as on fna appoach only to fnd th landng gar still rtactd

(b DIVIDED ATENTION

En thogh or atntion ght b focsd on on task, t s stl possb for othr stii to intrd and did or attnton. This ablty shold not b confsd wth moo poammes whch alow s, withot conscos thoght, to cary ot sal physica tasks at onc, sch as walkng whst swinging a walkng stck with on hand and ating food hd in th oth Diidd atntion in th thoght procss is pa of a o copx nfoaton procssing syst

condctd by th brain This faclty is coony frd to as th cockta pay fct in that if yo ar in a grop of pop yo ght b concnd wth on conrsation ony bt stil ha

th capacity to ohar yor na bng calld It can b both good and ad Th ablity to did or atntion is both sfl and ncssay in any actitis and fro th aiation point of

iw s what nabls s to cay ot sconday tasks sch as changing raio frqncs or aircra configration and conicating wth AT whist stl fying th arca Howr, th

ngati sd is that it aows or nd to wand onto oth atrs fo xapl what w ght b doing onc th flght is or

2 STRESS AND AROUSAL

Stss and aosa (anss tnd to go hand in hand Th or strssd w ar th or a to th cas of th strss w a, aost to th xcson of oth nts which qr atnton This rdction, or n fair n didd antion is ofn th cas of ishaps cas porant

nfoaton has bn ssd, for xapl th gar p waning sgnal Th abity to diid yor attntion s an poant skil for piots and gnally pros with coptnc and xpnc

3 INFORMATION OLLETION AND PROESSING (a THE FUNTION OF THE BRAIN

oonly frd to as th ntral Dcision Makr, th brain is cnta to th han inforaton pocssing syst Infoation which is gathrd by th snss is transid by th

nos syst to th brain wh it s alatd, a cos of acton dcdd pon or stod as pa of th larning and bring pocss W ha ofn rfrd t th brain as a coptr sipy bcas n any rspcts it fnctions th sa it has ory contos fnctions and systs, and prods soltons to pobs This incdibl dc has a gratr pocssng and ory capacy than any coptr yt bilt bt as a dcision ak has a

ajor litation t has only a sine cannel capaciy. In othr wods it s only ab to pocss on thng at a t and th dcisons which a aid at a no stanos, bt athr a seies prodcd on afr anothr

(b STRUTURE

Th thod of nforation pocssing by hans follows a sris of phass hich can bst b

xpaind by sing a od dagra which shows, in sip ts, th sqnc of nts

nold.

Snsoy Shor tr/ ntal

stli wokng Dcision

oy Makr

Acton Moto

progas

Fdback

Fiue 2e Model of Infomaion Pocessin

( THE STIMULUS OR PEREPTION

This is th fist phas in th procss and is podd by or snss Ths stl, o incoing sgnals, ar transitd a th prpha nos syst and th cnta nos syst to th

Pivae Pilo Licence Revision 2/200

© Avex Ai ainin 0/2004

HUMAN INORMATION PROCESSING

Pae 97 s em sensy se. A any ime duin e cuse  nmal daily aciiy we ae aced wi a eiale aae  simuli, u nly a wic is peinen  e ask a and is teed out, as a uncin  u aenin mecanism (seectve) and e es is discaded

EXAMPE

n leel li e pil, wils scannin e li insumens obseves a decease in ei and a ain in speed.

(ii PROCESSING OR ANAYSS

n is e secnd pase e inmain is nw analysed and cmpaed wi a aleady sed in e memy  m a menal mdel and a decisin is made y e cenal decisin make  eie ac  ile i away in e ln em memy (ememe, wic is w exeence is acuied Tis pcess is me cmmnly knwn as inkin

EXAMPE

y cmpaisn wi knwn cndiins sed in e memy e ain decides a e aicafs aiude is incec (nse lw

(iii ACTION AND FEEDACK ACTION

Once e ain as decided n a cuse  acin i sends u elecical sials ia e m

nees  e apppiae muscles wic eac in espnse.

EXAMPE

sin e elea e pil adjuss e aicafs aiude  e leel psiin

FEEDACK

Feedack n e decisin (cecincec is pided y u senses m wic ue

cecie acin can e aken.

EXAMPE 1

Te pil sees a e aica as spped descendin and speed is csan e cec

cnl cane was made n ue acin euied.

EXAMPE 2

Te pil sees a e aicaf is nw an ei and lsin speed, m sed inmain e ain deemines a e aicaf is nse i and sinals e muscles 

espnd accdinly.

(i Tis med  inmain pcessin, ie eceie pcess, acin, eedack is called e

closed oo system since e cenal decisin make is cninually inled in e pcess

ecause  eedback Tu eedack e espnse  an acin can e ideniied and, i

necessay ue acin iniiaed, as in e examples ien, wic allws us  mainain

necessay ue acin iniiaed, as in e examples ien, wic allws us  mainain

In document Avex Air Training PPL - Human Performance & Limitations (Page 73-83)