3.4.1 Objective
To achieve incorporation of risk reduction efforts into strategic integrating structures and processes.
3.4.2 Integration of risk reduction with spatial development planning
Disaster risk is driven by both hazard and vulnerability factors reflected in spatial devel-opment frameworks. In addition, risk assessment findings, along with ongoing monitor-ing information on disaster occurrence, are directly applicable to spatial development planning. For this reason, provincial and municipal disaster management centres must establish mechanisms in association with spatial planners in both spheres to ensure that
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relevant spatial information informs risk reduction planning. They must also ensure that verified risk information is incorporated into spatial development plans and maps.
3.4.3 Incorporation of risk reduction planning into integrated development planning1
s 53(2)(a) As disaster reduction efforts are medium- to long-termmultisectoralefforts focused on vulnerability reduction, they must be incorporated into ongoing IDPprojects, process-es,programmes and structures (see section 1.2.5above). Effectiveadaptive risk reduc-tion intervenreduc-tions are best planned and implemented as development initiatives through IDPmechanisms and phases. See Table 3.1 for the various riskreduction planning activities to be undertaken during the different IDP phases.
s7(2)(h), In addition, national, provincial and municipal organs of state must also test and evalu-s 20(1)(a-d) ate specific risk reduction initiatives before these are undertaken more broadly through
IDPs. This is to foster innovation and cross-sectorallinkages at a small or local scale. It also provides for assessment of the vulnerability reduction potential, appropriateness, cost-effectiveness andsustainabilityof previously untested risk reduction strategies prior to amorewidespreadprogramme roll-out or 'scaling-up'.
Table 3.1: Incorporation of risk reduction planning into integrated development planning
IDP phase Emphasis for risk reduction planning
Phase 1: Analysis • Risk identification, analysis and evaluation processes
Phase 2: Strategies • Development of priority riskreduction strategies, goals and objectives
• Identification of specific projects and initiatives to reduce risks
• Establishment of a provisional financial framework for implementing risk reduction projects
Phase 3: Projects • Formulation of appropriate task teams for defined projects
• Definition of project outputs, indicators, roles and responsibilities
• Incorporation ofsectoralplanning requirements
Phase 4: Integration • Harmonisation of risk reduction projectswith broader financial, policy and legal frameworks
• Consultation with theIDP representative forum
• Incorporation of projects into five-year financial plans, capital investment programmes and municipal action plans
Phase 5: Approval • Provision of feedback by the municipal council on draftplans and projects and approval
• Adoption of the risk reduction elements incorporated into the approvedIDP
Phase 6: Monitoring • Implementation of approved risk reduction initiatives
and implementation • Implementation of monitoring byIDPforum and disaster management centre and feedback to disaster management advisory forum or similar body
1. Based on Botha, J. How to prepare a risk reduction plan: a municipal guide (Draft) (Cape Town, AFRICON, March 2004).
Focused pilot projects are particularly applicable when investigating ways to:
• add value to an existing municipal, provincial or national programme (for example, weather-proofing homes and critical infrastructure in engineering projects planned for areas regularly exposed to extreme weather systems)
• protect a specific at-risk group (for example, establishing evacuation procedures for school children attending schools in areas repeatedly exposed to fire, flood or extreme weather systems)
• introduce a new initiative or project to address a specific risk scenario (for example, the introduction of small-scale rainwater harvesting initiatives in areas repeatedly exposed to drought)
• integrate risk reduction with relief or recovery actions, to identify opportunities for changing the underlying drivers of risk as well as possible unintended consequences (for example, the spatialreconfiguration of informal settlements to provide fire breaks after large fires)
• investigate new approaches to promoting risk-avoidance attitudes and behaviour (for example, exploring a system of community or household incentives for 'well-man-aged'risksfor frequently occurring loss conditions rather than creating dependence on external relief).
3.4.4 Risk -avoidance enforcement mechanisms
s20(1)(a-d) Critical components of effective risk reduction are regulations, standards, by-laws and other legal enforcement instruments that discourage risk-promotive behaviour and min-imisethe potential for loss. National, provincial and municipal organs of state must assess the disaster management component of their existing policies, regulations, by -laws and other relevant legal instruments for their functional areas and introduce meas-uresto ensure alignment with the requirements specified in the Act.
Wthin provincial and municipal spheres, this may involve:i
• amendment of urban planning standards
• amendment of land-use regulations and zoning
• amendment of minimum standards for environmental impact assessments
• introduction of standards for 'risk-proofing' lifeline services and critical facilities from known priority risks
• introduction of by-laws to implement extraordinary measures to prevent an escala-tionof a disaster or to minimise its effects.
3.4.5 Key performance indicators
• Mechanisms to disseminate experience from pilot and research projects that explore the vulnerability reduction potential, appropriateness, cost-effectiveness and sustain-ability of specific risk reduction initiatives have been established.
• Risk-related information has been incorporated into spatial development frame-works.
• Risk reduction-related projects and initiatives have beenincludedinIDPs.
• Regulations, standards, by-laws and other legal instruments that encourage risk-avoidance behaviour have been enforced by national, provincial and municipal
organs of state and documented in annual reports to theNDMC.
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