Incorrect placement of relative clauses

1. X9: Like, you can go anywhere, but people like..., the ingcibi [=

“performer of circumcisions” – AP] will be…, he will be, like, rated from the amount of deaths-deaths or the amount of people that actually come out alive that he performs on.

2. Word omission errors

Omitted words are indicated with * on either side thereof. In cases where more than one consecutive word was omitted, the omitted word not relevant to the section under discussion is also provided, but placed between brackets. The omission of these words is then noted separately in a section relevant to the word's lexical category.

2.1 Complementisers

1. X1: Only now I’m doing my first year... The reason being *that* I passed

my matric in 2005.

133 3. X1: If you cannot communicate with me in Afrikaans, maybe you can try

and communicate with me with another language, because it’s not necessary *that* you have to speak English.2

4. X7: The good thing about Town X *(is) that* for the first time, I have, um, a variety of friends, […].

5. X9: You see, the thing I’ve noticed about my subjects *(is) that* they’re kind of, like, really changed…, chained together [...].

2.2 Conjunctions

1. X9: But then again, when-when I found that actually there is a Human Resource, but in a BA section *and* a Human Resource in a BCom section, that kind of actually intrigued me [...].

2. X4: And, so, English is-is-is a big part of-of-of-of how we communicate and, um, and given the fact that, uh, you can’t really do separate…, can’t really separate *and* say: “Now, ’kay, now I’m speaking English. Now when I go home… and-and-and-and-and talking my- my home language…”

3. X6: You get guys who are born in Xhosa home, *but* he doesn’t speak isiXhosa, he hasn’t gone to the mountain and he doesn’t want to go to the mountain.

2.3 Degree adverbs

1. X9: Well, you can do it whenever, but people believe that it’s actually much cheaper and it’s actually much *more* interesting to do it in masses.

2. X6: I think I’m very, I’m very *much* like my mom. [...] I’m very *much* like my mom.

2 _{Here, the use of have to is unmotivated, which might have been caused by the accidental mixing of it’s}

not necessary for you to speak English, it’s not necessary that you speak English and because you don’t have to speak English.

134 2.4 Articles

1. X1: One is from Limpopo, the other one from *the* Northern Cape. 2. X1: The other one was from Limpopo and the other one was from *the*

Northern Cape.

3. X1: I have to, like, call this one and say: “Come to-to *the* X [name of the student centre – AP]. I’m here”.

4. X4: I grew up in City X…, in Township X until 1998 and then *(at) the* end of ’98 I moved to Town X.

5. X6: No, um, I left Town Y *(at) the* end of standard five.

6. X4: Wednesday you would definitely know it’s a Wednesday. *(On / over) the* weekend you would definitely know it’s a weekend. 7. X6: Ja, canoeing. I was quite talented. I was *(among) the* top ten in the

country.

8. X4: *A* bit of differential treatment [...].

9. X4: It’s just all additional, but, ah, so, *the* main thing, main thing next year is your thesis.

10. X4: [...] their specific partner is, ah, *the* University of City Y. 11. X4: Umm, I used *a / the* train, ja, *a/the* train most of the time and

*a / the* taxi sometimes.

12. X4: That, for me, would…, probably would have had-had *a* more devastating effect than someone else, because I’m trying to fit in and not stand out [...].

13. X4: So, I was friends with his friends at a very…, also *an* early age, so I even...

14. X9: It’s quite…, *a* very interesting place.

15. X9: [...] but it doesn’t mean they’re not good business people, just because they make, somewhere along the way, like, *a* bad decision.

16. X9: That’s the best time (?) when people are off work and they’re going to *the* Eastern Cape, enjoying their families, see the new initiates.

135 17. X9: Like, newly initiates, like…, you know that in *the* Eastern Cape

it’s…, you know the huts?

18. X9: It’s ’cause it’s *the* Eastern Cape.

19. X9: It’s actually popular in *the* Eastern Cape.

20. X9: Well-well, initially yes, but now it’s kind of coming to a balance of 50/50 actually, because more people from *the* Eastern Cape actually bring their families [...].

21. X9: You see, like, as a Xhosa person, you’re bound to go to *the* Eastern Cape, because that’s where you’re from; that’s your home. Everything happens there. When there’s a new child in the family, it must be…, it happens in *the* Eastern Cape…, the ceremony happens in *the* Eastern Cape. When someone is dying, the ceremony will happen in *the* Eastern Cape.

22. X4: […] in Cape Town, right, you’ve got different people, you know? People who still…, who grew up in *the* Eastern Cape, or just grew up in Cape Town, but with their grandmothers […].

23. X4: So-so I always…, *a* friend of mine always say that, so, you shouldn’t be resistant to change.

24. X9: That is *an* advantage.

25. X9: Because of ancestors, you do rituals; you do how to slaughter *a* cow, whatever.

26. X8: Like *the* two of us - it’s insane; we finish each other’s sentences. 27. X8: And then her parents came the week just before *the* holidays. 28. X6: Um, I teach on *the* holidays..

29. X8: There you had *a* Xhosa Debating Society and, um, also a lot of…, there was a Xhosa Day […].

30. X6: You get guys who are born in *a* Xhosa home, he doesn’t speak isiXhosa, he hasn’t gone to the mountain and he doesn’t want to go to the mountain.

31. X10: *The* thing is I have first year, first, um, first semester modules and my second year modules.

136 32. X10: […] it’s *a* lot of that.

33. X10: *An* Indiana Jones type of thing.

34. X10: But what…, no, what makes me angry is that they’re gonna sell that cell – my cell phone – for like *a* hundred and fifty bucks and then they, like, take it and that’s it.

35. X10: So they’re just gonna get *a* dummy phone now.

36. X10: But in my first year, I was in a single room, ’cause I was *the* on- only person doing Speech…, on-only guy doing Speech on campus. 37. X10: I was last home in February, like, um, before I, before, um, first-first

semester…, *the* opening of the first semester.

38. X10: AP: Um, what do you hope to gain from your time as a student of University X?

X10: Uh, um, the best info I can get, *a* social life […].

39. X2: For the first, like, semester it was quite okay actually. *The* second semester was very, like, depressing.

40. X2: I'm, like, 21 now, so partying is not on *the* top of my list. 41. X2: [...] there’s like *a* whole lot of confusion there, [...].