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Indicators and technical notes

List of indicators used for analysis in chapter 3

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ANNEXES

Goal Indicator Source Notes



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ANNEXES

96 − Adapting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the National Level

Measuring and optimizing SDG capacities

Normalization of indicator attainment levels

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