5.5 Wavelets and fMRI Signal Separation Methods
5.6.4 Inter-Group Study: Controls vs Patients
Paint is an architectural building material; building professionals should ensure that homes environments are physically and psychologically save for habitation. The responsibility of the Architect can be seen in chapter five under conclusions and recommendations. Architect should specify lighter paint colour like green, light blue, light green, white that contain low lead levels as to brighter colours like yellow, red which have very high lead levels. There should beprovision of adequate landscape around the homesto
105
sieve and prevent dust. Mechanical engineers should specify non-lead water pipes for usage in buildings. The geotechnical properties that were carried out are a character of Civil Engineering. Regulatory and enforcement agency in Nigeria should provide guidelines in the manufacturing of paints.
Moreover, Civil Engineers and Architects are allied professionals that work together during construction of building on site to ensure safety excellent habitat for homes residents. Soil analysis in chapter 3.7.4 is solely the job of a Geotechnics and Civil Engineers ensuring that non-lead pipes are not used in plumbing works are the role responsibility of the Service/Mechanical Engineer.
106
Table 4.14: Lead Levels in Water in ppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Mean .3 .21 .21 .26 .29 .51 .3 .21 .77 .16 .12 .25 .13 .12 .16 .16 .16 .07 .07 .07 .12 .12 .16
SD - 0 0 .06 .06 .48 - - .66 - .06 0 .05 .064 .0 0 0 .- - 0 .064 .06 0
Min .3 .21 .21 .21 .25 .21 .3 .21 .3 .16 .07 .25 .07 .07 .16 .16 .16 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .16
Max .3 .21 .21 .3 .33 1.23 .3 .21 1.23 .16 .16 .25 .16 .16 .16 .16 .16 .07 .07 .07 .16 .16 .16
Med .3 .21 .21 .26 .29 .3 .3 .21 .77 .16 .12 .25 .16 .12 .16 .16 .16 .07 .07 .07 .12 .12 .16
G
mean .3 .21 .21 .25 .29 .390 .3 .21 .61 .16 .11 .25 .12 .106 .16 .16 .16 .07 .07 .07 .11 .11 .16
95%
CI -
- .21 .21 .21
.21 .03 2.42 .05
1.7 .11
1.36 - - .00008
4749 - .0005
20.207 .25 .25 .04
.40 .0006 20.21 .16
.16 .16 .16 .16
.16 - - .07 .0005 20.21 .0006
20.21 .16 .16
107
Figure 4.7: Lead levels in Water by Decades
0.5 11.5
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Water lead levels by Decade
108
0.5 11.5
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan so uth-w
est
ibadan south-e ast
Water lead levels by LGA
Figure 4.8: Lead levels in Water by LGA
109
Table 4.15: Window Sill Lead levels in ppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 3 2 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Mean 6.7 26.7 24.0 8.7 57.9 60.9 345..2 11.6 30.3 10.8 49.8 44.5 57.9 57.5 79.5 445..3 146..2 94.2 93.2 174..3 38.4 43.3 30.2
SD - 24.7 30.0 5.09 - 84.8 - - 31.0 - 33.4 17.5 10.3 5.9 33.7 517..2 138..9 - - 148..1 12.5 29.1 15.2
Min 6.7 9.2 6.0 5.1 57.9 15.0 345..2 11.6 8.3 10.8 26.2 32.1 46 53.3 55.6 79.5 47.9 94.2 93.2 69.5 29.5 22.7 19.3
Max 6.7 44.2 58.4 12.3 57.9 188.0 345..2 11.6 52.2 10.8 73.4 56.8 64.9 61.6 103..3 811 244..4 94.2 93.2 279 47.2 3.9 40.8
Med 6.7 26.7 7.4 8.7 57.9 20.3 345..2 11.6 30.3 10.8 49.8 44.5 62.7 57.5 79.5 445..2 146..2 94.2 93.2 174..3 38.4 43.3 30.1 G
mean 6.7 20.2 13.7 7.9 57.9
32.7 345..2 11.6 20.81 10.8 43.8 42.7 57.2 57.3 75.8 253..9 108..20 94.2 93.2 139..2 37.3 38.09 28.0 95%
CI - -
.0009 431617
. 312.40
.03
2126.9 - 5.0
212..5 - -
.0002 2465549 -
.0630 30503.06
1.1 1603.25
35.7 91.6
22.8 143.7
1.5 3879
.00009 6.50e+08
.003
3394111 - - .02
952029 1.9 7039
.05 27310
.24 3262
110
0
200400600800
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Window sill lead levels by Decade
Figure 4.9: Window sill lead levels by Decades
111
0
200400600800
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan south-w est
ibadan south-e ast
Window sill lead levels by LGA
Figure 4.10: Window sill lead levels by LGA
112
Table 4.16: Lead in the Dust in front of the House in ppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Mean 38 199 23.8 15.3 18.2 879.6 94 43.3 39.3 20 25.7 42 45.5 56.8 122..3 60.5 129.3 59.3 40.5 84.9 81.1 92.4 15.8
SD - 257 7.4 10.4 1.63 1436 - - 29.3 - 10.3 14.3 34.1 41.0 54.7 1.63 17.9 - - 66.8 69.6 21.5 1.06
Min 38 17.5 16.5 7.9 17 16.3 94 43.3 18.5 20 18.4 319 9.8 27.8 83.6 59.3 116.6 59.3 40.5 37.7 31.9 77.2 15
Max 38 381 31.2 22.6 19.3 3028 94 43.3 60 20 32.9 52.1 77.8 85.8 160.9 61.6 141.9 59.3 40.5 132.1 130.3 107.6 16.5
Med 38 199 23.8 15.3 18.2 237.2 94 43.3 39.3 20 25.7 42 48.9 56.8 122.3 60.5 129.3 59.3 40.5 84.9 81.1 92. 4 15.8
G mean 38 81.7 23.05 13.4 18.1 228.9 93.7 43.3 33.3 20 24.604 40.8 23.4 48.8 116.0 48.8 128.6 59.3 40.5 70.6 64.47 91.1 15.7
95%
CI -
- 2.58e-07
2.59e+10 710.42 51.01 .02
106 16
8.1
40.6 7.662
6838.35 - .02
587 44
- .6132
987.16 1.8 920.
1 2.2 497 .04
628 41
1.811
7428.26 .0380 62841 36.9
448 - - .0245
203365 .0084
492141.4 11.1 751 8.6
28.8
113
0
1,0002,0003,000
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Lead levels in Dust from Front of Houses by decade
Figure 4.11: Lead In Dust From Front of house ppm by Decades
114
0
1,0002,0003,000
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan so uth-w
est
ibadan south-e ast
Lead levels in Dust from Front of Houses by LGA
Figure 4.12: Lead In Dust From Front of house ppm by LGA
115
Table 4.17: Lead in the Dust from the Back of the House inppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Mean 12.7 53.3 54.9 16.9 24.3 85.5 247.7 48..6 40.3 23.8 24.7 60 90.1 61.5 131.2 91.9 95.7 84.1 78.8 80.3 124.2 25.6 20.2
SD - 55.4 25.3 7.0 6.2 75.6 - - 23.2 - 2.3 16.7 136.1 28.4 33.4 27.2 51.5 - - 6.7 40.2 3.2 6.5
Min 12.7 14.1 29.4 11.9 19.9 15 247.7 48..6 23.9 23.8 23 48.2 9 41.4 107.6 72.6 59.2 84.1 78.8 75.6 95.7 23.3 15.6
Max 12.7 92.4 79.9 21.8 28.7 166.1 247.7 48..6 56.7 23.8 26.3 71.8 247.2 81.6 154.8 111.1 132.1 84.1 78.8 85 152.6 27.8 24.8
Med 12.7 53.3 55.3 16.9 24.3 80.4 247.7 48..6 40.3 23.8 24.7 60 14.1 61.5 131.2 91.9 95.7 84.1 78.8 80.3 124.2 25.6 20.2
G mean 12.7 36.1 50.64 16.1 23.9 54.9 247.7 48.6 36.8 23.8 24.95 58.8 .4 58.1 129.06 89.8 88.4 84.1 78.8 80.2 120.84 25.5 19.7 95%
CI - .0002
55552059 14.42 177.85 .3
754 2.3
245 8.397
359.24 - - .15
8904 - 10.493
57.64 4.7
740 2740 .7801
4331 12.801 1301.12 6
1340 .5
14494 - - 38.1
168.8 6.234 2342.3 8.3
78.2 1.0 374
116
050100150200250
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Lead levels in Dust from Back of houses by decade
Figure 4.13: Lead Levels in Dust From Back of house ppm by Decade
117
050100150200250
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan south-w est
ibadan south-e ast
Lead levels in Dust from Back of houses by LGA
Figure 4.14: Lead In Dust From Back of house ppm by LGA
118
Table 4.18: Lead levels in Paint Chips from Households in ppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Mean 492
.2 5935.7 80.9 151.
95 0 3846.
3 2.8 32.
9 6852
.3 12.
2 46.4 1008 609.
8 2437.8 73.2 21671.
3 101 22
75 13
52 13676 3561 95 47.
6
SD - 7347.3 112.7 94.5 0 7653.
8
- - 9690
.5
= 7.0 479.
3 923.
8
3196.7 4.2 30550.
2
40.
1
- - 19177 2327 78 2.5
Min 492
.2 740.4 14.7 85.1 0 0 2.8 32.
9 0 12.
.2 41.4 668.
6 27.8 177.4 70.2 69 72.
6 22
75 13
52 115.2 1915 40 45.
8 Ma
x 492
.2 11131 211 218.
8 0 15326
.9 2.8 32.
9 1370
5 12.
.2 51.3 1346
.4 167
5 4698.2 96.1 43273.
5 129
.3 22
75 13
52 27236 5207 150 49.
3 Me
d 492
.2 5935.7 17 152 0 29.1 2.8 32.
9 6852 12.
.2 46.4 1008 126.
5 2437.8 73.2 21671.
3 101 22
75 13
52 13676 3561 95 47.
6 G
mean 492
.2 2870.8 37.49 136.
5 - 224.1 2.8 32.
9 1370
5 12.
.2 46.0
8 948.
8 180.
.6 913 73.0
9 1728 96.
9 22
75 13
52 1771.3 3157.
96 77.3 47.
5 95%
CI - 1000.9
55 8.63e+
10
.9079 1548.
77 .3 5501 9
- .0241
20871 22
- - - - 11.8
0 179.
94 11..1 8101 4
1.1 310 78
8.32e-07 1.00e+
12
43.7 7 122.
04
2.92e-15 1.02e+
21
2..5 379 1
- -
1.47e-12 2.13e+
10
5.49 18135 34
.02 3553 70
29.
.8 75.
.9
119
0
10,00020,00030,00040,000
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Lead levels in Paint from Houses by decade
Figure 4.15: Lead levels in Paint Chips in ppm by Decades
120
0
10,00020,00030,00040,000
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan so uth-w
est
ibadan south-e ast
Lead levels in Paint from Houses by LGA
Figure 4.16: Lead levels in Paint Chips in ppm by LGA
121
Table 4.19: Lead in Doorstep Dust ppm
Ibadan North Ibadan Northeast Ibadan Northwest Ibadan Southeast Ibadan Southwest
Decade 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
No 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
Me an 66.
7 144.5 16.3 32.
8 44.
7 75.
3 241 .4 95.
1 229 24.
1 45 84.2 234.
5 93.
6 193.5 67.
7 156 70.
4 43.
8 234.8 216.2 76.4 35.9 SD - 128.5 19.4 .42 .35 40.
6 - - 233 - 46 69.7 373 23.
5 120.6 2.3 17.8 - - 264 126 14.7 9.8 Min 66.
7 53.6 2.6 32.
5 44.
4 29.
7 241 .4 95.
1 64.2 24.
1 12.5 34.9 16 77 108.2 66.
1 143.
3 70.
4 43.
8 48.2 127.1 66 28.9 Ma
x 66.
7 235.3 30 33.
1 44.
9 11
1 241 .4 95.
1 393.6 24.
1 77.5 133.
4 665 110
.2 278.7 69.
3 168.
5 70.
4 43.
8 421.3 305.2 86.8 42.8 Me
d 66.
7 144.5 16.3 32.
8 44.
7 80.
4 241 .4 95.
1 229 24.
1 45 84.2 22.4 93.
6 193.5 67.
7 156 70.
4 43.
8 234.8 216.2 76.4 35.9 G
mean 66.
7 112..3 8.83 32.
.8 44.
7 65.
8 241 .4 95.
.1 159 24.
1 31.12 68..2 62 92.
1 173.6
5 67.
7 155.
.4 70.
.4 43.
8 146.5 196.9
5 75..
7 35..
7 95%
CI - .01
13551 56
1.58e-06 4.94e+
07
29.
2 36.
.9 41.
6 47.
9
24 18 0
- - .002
1.6e+
07
- 0.000
2 33670 64
.01 3416 61
. 37 103 92
9.4 4 898 .4
.4257 7083 2.7
50.
.1 91.
.4 55..
5 343.
.9
- - .0001 1.37e+
08
.7540 5144 3.7
13..
3 431.
.4 2..9 426.
.3
122
0
200400600800
Lead levels in ppm
1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Lead levels on Door Step of Houses by decade
Figure 4.17: Lead levels in doorstep dust by Decades
123
0
200400600800
Lead levels in ppm
ibadan north
ibadan north-e ast
ibadan north-w est
ibadan so uth-w
est
ibadan south-e ast
Lead levels on Door Step of Houses by LGA
Figure 4.18: Lead levels in doorstep dust by LGA
124
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions
The indoor and built environments in Ibadan have been found to be highly affected by high lead levels. Hence, lead levels in paint used in homes should be reduced to minimize human morbidity and mortality. The usage of non-lead water pipes is highly recommended.
Lead levels in soil in the home environment do not affect the geotechnical characteristics of soil. The soil in the home environment is safe to be used for small construction works around the house, since the geotechnical properties of the soil around the house is not affected by the presence of lead levels in it.
This study showed that there was no satisfactory level of knowledge and awareness of domestic sources of lead exposure and its health effect in Nigeria. Most samples investigated contained lead levels exceeding the recommended level. This study has established the need for improved quality control in the production of brighter colour paints. Non-regular cleaning and repainting were generally responsible for high lead deposits in dust of some homes. The study established the need for landscaping to prevent lead deposits on exposed soil surfaces. The use of non-lead water pipes is also beneficial.
There is need to increase people‟s awareness of the harmful effects of lead in the domestic environment, in household paints, similar to what has been done for leaded petrol. A public health agenda leading to elimination of lead in paint should be formulated and systematically prosecuted. There is an urgent need to determine the extent of leaded paints in existing housing stock in Nigeria and other developing countries, its effect on children‟s blood lead levels, and to develop programs to reduce the risk of exposure.
This study showed that there was limited knowledge and awareness of domestic sources of lead exposure and its health effects in Nigeria. The origins of popular misconceptions about lead exposure and effective means of correcting them need to be explored. The findings suggest that more studies are needed to fully understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices of this population to lead exposure in order to develop appropriate health intervention.
There is a need to increase awareness of the harmful effects of lead in the domestic environment in household paints. A public health agenda leading to elimination of lead in paint should be formulated and systematically prosecuted. There is an urgent need to determine the
125
extent of leaded paints in existing housing stock in Nigeria and other developing countries, and to develop programmes to reduce the risk of exposure.
The study also showed that lead levels in soil in the home environment do not affect the geotechnical characteristics of soil as the values were within the recommended units.
The results of this study could assist government (state and local) to identify areas of lapse on environmental exposure to lead in the home environment. Moreover, regulatory agencies of Nigeria may find the demographic and results analysis in this study useful consideration for health advocacy.