• No results found

Interaction 1: All About Me: a tool for investigating the self 126

Chapter  3:   Methodology 98

4.   The methods 125

4.2   Interaction 1: All About Me: a tool for investigating the self 126

This  method  was  based  on  a  well-­‐established  tool  in  psychology  called  the  Twenty   Statements  Test  (Kuhn  and  McPartland,  1954).  It  has  been  used  in  a  large  number  of  

Grace  and  Cramer,  2002),  teacher  motivation  (e.g.  Klassen  and  Chiu,  2011)  and  

power  (Kraus,  Chen  and  Keltner,  2011).  However,  there  have  been  relatively  few   studies  that  examine  the  mechanisms  behind  the  self-­‐descriptors  generated  by  the   participants.  I  aimed  to  address  this  in  a  small  way  in  this  study.           Participants  in  this  study  were  asked  to  complete  the  adapted  version  of  the   Twenty  Statements  Test  (TST)  in  the  following  way.  

1.  In  the  space  below,  please  write  twenty  answers  to  the  question  ‘Who  are  you?’   Don’t  worry  if  you  can’t  think  of  twenty.    

You  can  write  anything  you  like,  but  here  are  some  examples:   I  am  tall.  

I  am  in  the  football  team.   I  like  listening  to  music.   I  don’t  like  broccoli.     I  am  a  happy  person.   I  am  an  unhappy  person.   I  am  a  girl/woman.  

2.  Once  you’ve  finished  your  twenty  statements,  if  you  would  like  to,  try  to  put  your   statements  into  the  following  categories:  

   -­‐  My  physical  body  (e.g.  I  am  tall).  

   -­‐  What  I  do  with  other  people  (e.g.  I  am  in  the  football  team).      -­‐  The  kind  of  person  I  am  (e.g.  I  am  a  happy  person).  

   -­‐  Big  ideas  (e.g.  I  am  a  human  being)  

If  you  don’t  understand  this  part  of  the  activity,  or  don’t  want  to  do  it,  then  ignore   this  instruction.  

The  Interaction  was  sent  to  the  parents  of  the  two  youngest  participants  with  

the  instruction  to  only  read  the  instruction  to  the  child  if  they  struggled  with  some   of  the  text.  All  participants  were  asked  to  return  their  responses  by  email.  

Adaptations  made  were:  

-­‐ simplifying  the  language  significantly  for  a  child/young  person  audience    

-­‐ adding  age  appropriate  but  ungendered  examples  

-­‐ eliminating  the  stage  asking  participants  to  subcategorise  into  the  oceanic,   reflexive,  social  and  physical  (Zurcher,  1977),  again  because  of  the  

participant  age  range.  

I  piloted  the  adapted  tool  with  one  young  woman  I  had  worked  with  

previously  during  the  pilot  study  (Levine  and  Edwards,  2014).  It  was  returned  with   no  significant  issues  raised,  bar  some  minor  changes  to  language  to  address  the  age   range  of  the  participant  group.    

I  chose  the  TST  to  be  the  opening  Interaction  because  it:  

-­‐ is  simple  to  deliver  and  complete,  particularly  across  the  age  range  

-­‐ opens  the  data  gathering  with  the  focus  firmly  on  the  individual  participant,   for  example  from  MR8.  

I  have  brown,  wavy  hair  that  reaches  just  past  my  shoulders.   I  roleplay  online  with  multiple  people.    

I  like  to  talk  about  anything  and  everything  with  my  friends.   I  try  to  be  optimistic  as  much  as  possible.  

I  don’t  believe  in  God,  but  I  believe  in  something.  I  just  don’t  know  what  it  is.      

As  with  most  tools,  there  are  limitations  to  the  TST,  listed  in  Table  7.  

Limitation   Mitigation  

A  participant  can     complete  the  Test   differently  each  time   they  do  it  (Augostinos,   Walker  and  Donaghue,   2006).    

Without  running  the  Test  repeatedly  over  a  period  of   time  (something  I  did  not  feel  able  to  do  given  the  time   commitment  already  being  asked  of  my  participants),   it  provides  only  a  snapshot  in  time,  rather  than  any   kind  of  stable  view  of  a  participant’s  self-­‐concept.   These  descriptions  are  therefore  said  to  have  a  variable   ‘probability  value’  (Carpenter  and  Meade-­‐Pruitt,  2008).   When  the  probability  value  is  high,  the  traits  described   by  the  participants  may  be  more  extreme  than  may  be   typical  for  any  reference  group  (ibid).  As  a  result,  it  is   considered  important  to  analyse  ‘descriptiveness’  and   ‘importance’  independently  when  using  the  TST   (Kihlstrom  and  Cantor,  1984).  This  was  particularly   apparent  for  me  when  analysing  the  data  generated  by   the  youngest  participants  in  the  sample.  Their  

responses  across  many  Interactions  could  be   considered  more  extreme,  suggesting  a  wider  range   across  a  normative  group.  

I  addressed  this  issue  by  introducing  a  different  tool   later  on  in  the  Interaction  list  that  would  touch  on  self-­‐ concept  as  well  as  exploring  identity,  thereby  providing   a  little  more  of  a  view  over  time.    

The  TST  is  challenging   to  code  because  it  is  so   open.    

If  there  were  a  larger  data  set  from  which  I  was  seeking   comparative  or  generalisable  messages,  this  criticism   would  have  been  more  relevant.  However,  this  tool  was   intended  to  help  me  gain  an  initial  insight  into  the   participants’  perceptions  of  their  self/selves,  and  as  a   result  the  variation  and  ‘openness’  of  the  participants’   responses  presented  an  opportunity  rather  than  a  risk.     Making  comparisons  

between  participants’   responses  is  challenging   (Augostinos,  Walker  

This  was  less  of  an  issue  for  this  study  as  I  was  not   aiming  to  draw  a  large  number  of  comparisons  given   the  small,  intensive  sample  I  was  using  and  the   exploratory  nature  of  the  first  Interaction.    

and  Donaghue,  2006).    

Table  7:  Limitations  of  the  Twenty  Statements  Test  (TST)  and  mitigations.  

In  summary,  despite  its  limitations,  the  TST  offered  a  sensible  first  tool  to   use  with  participants,  beginning  to  encourage  their  thinking  about  their  own  self-­‐ concept.  It  provided  me  with  an  early  indication  of  participants’  self-­‐concept  and   in  some  cases,  their  developing  identity.  It  also  indicated  the  degree  to  which   technology  was  an  explicit  or  implicit  part  of  their  conscious  self-­‐concept.    

4.3  Interaction  2:  A  day  in  the  technological  life  of…  :  a  tool  for  investigating