Chapter 3: Methodology 98
4. The methods 125
4.2 Interaction 1: All About Me: a tool for investigating the self 126
This method was based on a well-‐established tool in psychology called the Twenty Statements Test (Kuhn and McPartland, 1954). It has been used in a large number of
Grace and Cramer, 2002), teacher motivation (e.g. Klassen and Chiu, 2011) and
power (Kraus, Chen and Keltner, 2011). However, there have been relatively few studies that examine the mechanisms behind the self-‐descriptors generated by the participants. I aimed to address this in a small way in this study. Participants in this study were asked to complete the adapted version of the Twenty Statements Test (TST) in the following way.
1. In the space below, please write twenty answers to the question ‘Who are you?’ Don’t worry if you can’t think of twenty.
You can write anything you like, but here are some examples: I am tall.
I am in the football team. I like listening to music. I don’t like broccoli. I am a happy person. I am an unhappy person. I am a girl/woman.
2. Once you’ve finished your twenty statements, if you would like to, try to put your statements into the following categories:
-‐ My physical body (e.g. I am tall).
-‐ What I do with other people (e.g. I am in the football team). -‐ The kind of person I am (e.g. I am a happy person).
-‐ Big ideas (e.g. I am a human being)
If you don’t understand this part of the activity, or don’t want to do it, then ignore this instruction.
The Interaction was sent to the parents of the two youngest participants with
the instruction to only read the instruction to the child if they struggled with some of the text. All participants were asked to return their responses by email.
Adaptations made were:
-‐ simplifying the language significantly for a child/young person audience
-‐ adding age appropriate but ungendered examples
-‐ eliminating the stage asking participants to subcategorise into the oceanic, reflexive, social and physical (Zurcher, 1977), again because of the
participant age range.
I piloted the adapted tool with one young woman I had worked with
previously during the pilot study (Levine and Edwards, 2014). It was returned with no significant issues raised, bar some minor changes to language to address the age range of the participant group.
I chose the TST to be the opening Interaction because it:
-‐ is simple to deliver and complete, particularly across the age range
-‐ opens the data gathering with the focus firmly on the individual participant, for example from MR8.
I have brown, wavy hair that reaches just past my shoulders. I roleplay online with multiple people.
I like to talk about anything and everything with my friends. I try to be optimistic as much as possible.
I don’t believe in God, but I believe in something. I just don’t know what it is.
As with most tools, there are limitations to the TST, listed in Table 7.
Limitation Mitigation
A participant can complete the Test differently each time they do it (Augostinos, Walker and Donaghue, 2006).
Without running the Test repeatedly over a period of time (something I did not feel able to do given the time commitment already being asked of my participants), it provides only a snapshot in time, rather than any kind of stable view of a participant’s self-‐concept. These descriptions are therefore said to have a variable ‘probability value’ (Carpenter and Meade-‐Pruitt, 2008). When the probability value is high, the traits described by the participants may be more extreme than may be typical for any reference group (ibid). As a result, it is considered important to analyse ‘descriptiveness’ and ‘importance’ independently when using the TST (Kihlstrom and Cantor, 1984). This was particularly apparent for me when analysing the data generated by the youngest participants in the sample. Their
responses across many Interactions could be considered more extreme, suggesting a wider range across a normative group.
I addressed this issue by introducing a different tool later on in the Interaction list that would touch on self-‐ concept as well as exploring identity, thereby providing a little more of a view over time.
The TST is challenging to code because it is so open.
If there were a larger data set from which I was seeking comparative or generalisable messages, this criticism would have been more relevant. However, this tool was intended to help me gain an initial insight into the participants’ perceptions of their self/selves, and as a result the variation and ‘openness’ of the participants’ responses presented an opportunity rather than a risk. Making comparisons
between participants’ responses is challenging (Augostinos, Walker
This was less of an issue for this study as I was not aiming to draw a large number of comparisons given the small, intensive sample I was using and the exploratory nature of the first Interaction.
and Donaghue, 2006).
Table 7: Limitations of the Twenty Statements Test (TST) and mitigations.
In summary, despite its limitations, the TST offered a sensible first tool to use with participants, beginning to encourage their thinking about their own self-‐ concept. It provided me with an early indication of participants’ self-‐concept and in some cases, their developing identity. It also indicated the degree to which technology was an explicit or implicit part of their conscious self-‐concept.
4.3 Interaction 2: A day in the technological life of… : a tool for investigating