Interviews with Housing Professionals: Reflexivity

In interviewing fellow housing professionals it was relatively straight-forward to

establish a rapport given my role in the sector.

There are both strengths and limitations to being an ‘insider’ when undertaking qualitative research. Firstly, considering the strengths; Ganga and Scott (2006) argue

that insider status has been ‘viewed as the holy-grail for the qualitative researcher’ providing a level of trust and openness that may not be otherwise attainable (Dwyer

and Buckle, 2009, p.58). I found this to be the case in the interviews with housing

professionals. Being an insider can according to Adler and Adler (1987) give the

researcher legitimacy, whilst Chew-Graham, May and Perry (2002) found that in the

case of General Practitioners interviewing fellow General Practitioners the findings

were rich in detail.

My ‘insider’ role was essential in gaining information from participants, as DeVerteuil, (2004) points out the insider perspective as beneficial and believes the insider would

gain more advantages if they are well informed about the topic and would get more

information from the participants in the research. I believe that being a fellow housing

professional, being well informed on housing and domestic abuse provided a definite

short hand with interviewees which in turn elicited open discussion. My role at Gentoo

is strategic whereas the participants I interviewed were employed in largely operational

roles; for example Neighbourhood Safety/Anti-social Behaviour Teams. However,

many had previously had experience in front line housing management roles, as had

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related to specialist support teams. I also felt my role as DAHA Co-founder contributed

to give me further credence as an insider.

McClintock, et al. (2003) argue that research should give various positive impacts to

the researcher in terms of values and self-development, stating if a researcher

chooses a topic which they are familiar with, they would benefit more from it. I

immensely enjoyed the interviews and learned so much from them. I also felt enriched

in having the quality time to discuss issues in depth with one person as my work role

does not always lend itself well to this given most meetings and work based tasks have

a reason and are outcome focused meaning that they must have a narrow agenda. I

also felt positive researching a cross cutting issue that I already had insight into from

both angles. Whilst I could not influence the tragic events that had led me to develop

a passion in tackling domestic abuse I felt positive in highlighting the issue of domestic

abuse to the housing sector and feel this could impact positively on other potential

victims of domestic abuse. The experience of conducting interviews was fairly cathartic

for me personally and I felt I could use the information to make a difference. Whilst I

am proud to work in the housing sector I can often feel frustrated when I hear of a poor

response, so from a housing perspective it was positive to hear good examples from

housing professionals and even more rewarding hearing the positive experiences of

victims in their experiences with housing providers. The negative experiences I heard

about gave me confidence that the research must be used to inform future working

practice of the sector I am part of.

Cotterill (1992) states there has been a view that many feminist researchers have

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researcher being invited to bring their particular role into the research relationship by

answering any questions a participant may have, to share their own knowledge and

their experience, and where requested to offer support (Oakley, 1981). I felt my role

was useful in participants feeling they could be open and consequently felt the

responses I received were truthful and that interviewees cared about the subject and

therefore wanted to honest about failings and areas for improvement as well as good

practice. For example, one of the interview questions asked what they felt their

organisation could do better and all participants answered it with suggestions with no

sense in any interview that the organisation had everything right.

Whilst being an insider can be of value, consideration must be given in terms of how

the researcher sees the world. Mansfield (2016) sees reflexivity as examining the filters

and lenses through which we see the world. In discussing the role of the researcher

and reflexivity, Malterud (2001) states:

‘A researcher's background and position will affect what they choose to investigate, the angle of investigation, the methods judged most adequate for

this purpose, the findings considered most appropriate, and the framing and

communication of conclusions.’ (Malterud, 2001, pp.483-484).

As a researcher it was essential to consider my positionality in the research process.

Whilst reflexivity is increasingly seen as a central part of the methodological process;

as Seale (1999) asserts: ‘placing discovery of reflexivity at the centre of methodological thinking’ (Seale, 1999, p.60). Flood (1999) succinctly puts it ‘Without some degree of reflexivity any research is blind and without purpose’. (Flood, 1999, p.35).

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Considering my dual role as a researcher working within the housing sector I did have

some concerns about the power imbalance between researcher and participant.

Feminist versions of reflexivity advocated by Wilkinson (1988) and Reinharz (1992)

see collaboration of research and in terms of my interaction with participants I view the

knowledge sharing and insight of the participants as co-collaborators in the research.

Whilst I have discussed being an insider provides obvious benefits it is not without

criticism or negative elements. The dual role of researcher/practitioner can be

problematic. As Maykut and Morehouse (1994) point out, the qualitative researcher’s perspective is a paradoxical one:

‘It is to be acutely tuned-in to the experiences and meaning systems of others— to indwell — and at the same time to be aware of how one’s own biases and preconceptions may be influencing what one is trying to understand.’ (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994, p.123).

Whilst being an insider was beneficial on so many levels including legitimacy and the

shorthand in the participants being able to explain certain nuances to someone in the

field, it was necessary that I was aware of the counter-effects of being an insider. As

Asselin (2003) suggests the dual role of researcher/practitioner can result in role

confusion when the researcher responds to the participants or analyses the data from

a perspective other than that of researcher. As I have already stated in gaining a

rapport with participants it was beneficial to have the shorthand understanding of the

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interview. Asselin (2003) further suggests that whilst role confusion can occur in any

research study there is a greater propensity if the researcher is familiar with the

research setting or participants through a role other than that of researcher.

A point that was also made by Kanuha (2004) who argued that questions about

objectivity, reflexivity, and authenticity of a research project are raised if the researcher

knows too much or is too close to the project and may be too similar to those being

studied (Kanuha, 2000, p.444). It was important to remember the role of researcher

when interviewing housing professionals and to question any assumptions I may have

been tempted to make on my knowledge of the housing sector.

The role of an insider has also been criticised in relation to impacting on the information

elicited; suggesting that participants and the researcher may assume a shared

understanding and knowledge of issues without explaining and exploring particular

experiences and beliefs and thereby miss crucial nuances (Chavez, 2008). In an effort

to counteract this it was essential to ask participants to clarify points to mitigate the

possibility of missing any crucial nuances.

Whilst there are obvious benefits in being both an insider in the housing sector and a

researcher, Dwyer and Buckle (2009) suggest there is a space ‘in between’. Continuing this theme and citing Kanuha (2000) in seeking to research ‘at the hyphen of insider-outsider’, Dwyer and Buckle suggest researchers can only ever occupy the space in between whereby they are neither true insiders nor complete outsiders. A

point picked up by Razon and Ross (2012) who refer to the fluidity of identities in the

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size up each other’. Stockdale (2016) when considering her role as a researcher whilst simultaneously working as an Analyst at Durham Constabulary suggests that

researchers are unlikely to fit into the neat categories of insider or outsider (see also

Dwyer and Buckle 2009; Thomson and Gunter 2011; Berger 2015).

From my own research journey I can attest the fluidity of identities, the analogy used

by Stockdale (2016) of the frequently visited ‘roundabout’ of the insider/outsider researcher whereby they enter, and often exit, each encounter in the field from different

positions. I can echo Stockdale’s experience of being a researcher whilst working in an organisation (and in my case the wider housing sector) you are researching. Across

the sector I had great support from many people including the President of the

Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH) and a CIH policy officer who had completed a

housing related PhD. Within the organisation I am employed I have had support from

the Executive Team, felt fairly comfortable discussing my research and that it was

valued by some in the organisation. I also had great support from Gentoo’s Support Manager / IDVA and her team in accessing survivors. Along the research journey I did

experience some less positive experiences and comments from housing professionals

asking what was the point in my doing it. This made me feel uncomfortable when I was

asked about my research when they were around meaning that I played it down and

avoided discussing it until I was asked to present my initial findings to another

organisation and the person who had previously made what I felt to be negative

comments told me afterwards privately that they had not really considered what I was

doing was that useful but they could now see the value it brought. The research journey

whilst in full time employment was often a lonely one where I frequently felt pressures

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commitments, where often tight deadlines did not always dovetail well with the role of

researcher or rather the researcher I wanted to be! There was a sense of isolation to

some extent of feeling no one could fully understand this situation twinned with a sense

of guilt as I knew was very fortunate to be in the position to do both!

On being an insider, Ryan asserts that any attempts to clarify and qualify what is meant

by insiders and outsiders (see also Chavez, 2008; Dwyer and Buckle, 2009; Razon

and Ross, 2012) are problematic and suggests that the terms no longer serve as

exploratory devices for researchers’ and therefore should be abandoned. From my own experience, I feel the concept was useful to consider and is not a redundant term,

but rather that I concur with Dwyer, Buckle and Kanuha in there being a space (or

hyphen) in between and considering this space as essential to the research journey.

Moreover, I was keen that my research would be used as a part of DAHA to make a

material difference to how the housing sector recognises and responds to domestic

abuse, so it was important that I had the understanding as an insider.

Connected to this, in terms of authenticity; the research was undertaken through a

feminist perspective, in that it did not intentionally draw boundaries between those

doing the research and those being researched (Lloyd, Ennis, and Atkinson, 1994).

The research felt more equitable in that I was a fellow housing professional and

created a different dynamic in the researcher / participant relationship. In considering

the reasons as to why housing professionals took part in the research, I felt they were

motivated to participate as they wanted to improve the housing sector response to

domestic abuse and that their participation would go some way in doing that. Crucially,

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given I was using their insights, knowledge and experience to develop the research. It

is important to understand the power dynamic at the interview stage where as a

researcher I was wholly dependent on the participants’ willingness to share their experiences and thoughts about the housing sector response to domestic abuse

(Karnieli-Miller et al., 2009).

In document The role of housing in a coordinated community response to domestic abuse. (Page 138-145)