Special-function paragraphs include introductions, transitional paragraphs, and conclusions. One-paragraph introductions and conclusions appear in short, multiparagraph essays. Transitional paragraphs occur primarily in long compositions.
Introductions
A good introduction acquaints and coaxes. It announces the essay’s topic and may directly state the thesis. In addition, it sets the tone—somber, lighthearted, angry—of what will follow. An amusing anecdote would not be an appropriate opening for a paper about political torture.
5.6
Write introduction, transition, and conclusion paragraphs using a variety of strategies.
99 paragraphs with Special Functions: Introductions, transitions, and Conclusions With essays, as with people, first impressions are important. If your opening
rouses interest, it will draw the reader into the essay and pave the way for your ideas. If, instead, you’d like to try your hand at turning the reader away, search for a beginning that is mechanical, plodding, and dull. Your success will astonish you. Here are some bad openings:
In this paper I intend to…
Wars have always afflicted humankind.
As you may know, having too little time is a problem for many of us.
In the modern world of today…
How would you respond to these openings? Ask yourself that same question about every opening you write.
Gear the length of the introduction to that of the essay. Although longer papers sometimes begin with two or more introductory paragraphs, generally the lead-in for a short essay is a single paragraph. Here are some possibilities for starting an essay. The type you select depends on your purpose, subject, audi-ence, and personality.
A Directly Stated Thesis This is a common type of opening, orienting the reader to what will follow. After providing some general background, the writer of our example narrows her scope to a thesis that previews the upcoming sections of her essay.
An increasing number of midlife women are reentering the workforce, pur-suing college degrees, and getting more involved in the public arena. Several labels besides “midlife” have been attached to this type of person: the mature woman, the older woman, and, more recently, the re-entry woman. By defini-tion, she is between thirty-five and fifty-five years old and has been away from the business or academic scene anywhere from fifteen to thirty years. The academic community, the media, marketing people, and employers are giving her close scrutiny, and it is apparent that she is having a greater impact on our society than she realizes.
Jo Ann Harris, student
A Definition This kind of introduction works particularly well in a paper that acquaints the reader with an unfamiliar topic.
You are completely alone in a large open space and are struck by a terrifying, unreasoning fear. You sweat, your heart beats, you cannot breathe. You fear you may die of a heart attack, although you do not have heart disease. Suppose you decide you will never get yourself in this helpless situation again. You go home and refuse to leave its secure confines. Your family has to support you. You have agoraphobia—
a disabling terror of open spaces.
“Controlling Phobias Through Behavior Modification”
A Quotation A beginning quotation, particularly from an authority in the field, can be an effective springboard for the ideas that follow. Make sure any quote you use relates clearly to your topic.
The director of the census made a dramatic announcement in 1890. The Nation’s unsettled area, he revealed, “has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line.” These words sounded the close of one period of America’s history. For three centuries before, men had marched westward, seeking in the forests and plains that lay beyond the settled ar-eas a chance to begin anew. For three centuries they had driven back the wilderness as their conquest of the continent went on. Now, in 1890, they were told that a fron-tier line separating the settled and unsettled portions of the United States no longer existed. The west was won, and the expansion that had been the most distinctive feature of the country’s past was at an end.
Ropropay Allen Billington, “The Frontier Disappears”
An Anecdote or Personal Experience A well-told personal anecdote or experience can lure readers into the rest of the paper. Like other introductions, this kind should bear on what comes afterward. Engle’s anecdote, like the sto-ries she reviews, demonstrates that “women also have dark hearts.”
My mother used to have a little china cream and sugar set that was given to her by a woman who later killed her children with an axe. It sat cheerfully in the china cabinet, as inadequate a symbol as I have ever seen of the dark mysteries within us. Yet at least it was there to remind us that no matter how much Jesus wanted us for a sunbeam, we would still have some day to cope with a deeper reality than common sense could ex-plain. It stood for strange cars not to get into, running shoes to wear when you were out alone at night and the backs of Chinese restaurants you were not supposed to go into.
Marian Engle, review of The Goddess and Other Women by Joyce Carol Oates
An Arresting Statement Sometimes you can jolt the reader into attention, using content, language, or both, particularly if your essay develops an unusual or extreme position.
It’s like Pearl Harbor. The Japanese have invaded, and the U.S. has been caught short. Not on guns and tanks and battleships—those are yesterday’s weapons—but on mental might. In a high-tech age where nations increasingly compete on brain-power, American schools are producing an army of illiterates. Companies that cannot hire enough skilled workers now realize they must do something to save the public schools. Not to be charitable, not to promote good public relations, but to survive.
Nancy Perry, “Saving the Schools: How Business Can Help”
Interesting Details These details pique curiosity and draw the reader into the paper.
Cher, the pretty sixteen-year-old protagonist of Amy Heckerling’s Clueless (1995), is a rich dumb blonde who is a mediocre student at best, and is obsessed with the pleasures of fashion, beauty culture, and shopping. A coy daddy’s girl, she
101 paragraphs with Special Functions: Introductions, transitions, and Conclusions pouts and whines when she’s frustrated, and her talk is riddled with girly slang. Her
universe is filtered entirely through popular culture: she prefers watching cartoons to the news, and she takes pride in the fact that her mother named her after the leg-endary goddess of pop schlock and excess. (77)
Kathleen Rowe Karlyn, Unruly Girls Unrepentant Mothers: Redefining Feminism on Screen A Question A provocative question can entice the reader into the essay to find the answer.
How does the biggest pop star on the planet reward herself after she’s spent the past year touring the world, performing for President Bill Clinton, opening her own boutique in Barneys, releasing a high-fashion picture book, and prepping for her appearance on “Dick Clark’s New Year’s Rockin’ Eve?”
Maureen Callahan, “Lady Gaga Gives 50 Percent of Her Earnings to Her Father”
EXERCISE
1. Explain why each of the preceding introductions interests or does not interest you.
Does your response stem from the topic or the way the author introduces it?
2. Find magazine articles with effective introductory paragraphs illustrating at least three different techniques. Write a paragraph explaining why each impresses you.