Journalism is the process of recording journal entries in the Journal. It is a systematic act of entering the transaction in a day book in order of their occurrence i.e., date-wise or event-wise. After analysing the business transactions, the following steps in journalising are followed:
(i) Find out what accounts are involved in business transaction. (ii) Ascertain what is the nature of accounts involved?
(iii) Ascertain the golden rule of debit and credit is applicable for each of the accounts involved.
(iv) Find out what account is to be debited which is to be credited.
(vi) Write the name of the account to be debited very near to the left hand side in the ‘Particulars Column’ along with the word ‘Dr’ on the same line against the name of the account in the ‘Particulars Column’ and the amount to be debited in the ‘Debit Amount column’ against the name of the account. (vii) Record the name of the account to be credited in the next
line preceded by the word ‘To’ at a few space towards right in the ‘Particulars Column’ and the amount to be credited in the ‘Credit Amount Column’ in front of the name of the account.
(viii) Record narration (i.e. a brief explanation of the transaction) within brackets in the following line in ‘Particulars Column’. (ix) A thin line is drawn all through the particulars column to
separate one Journal entry from the other and it shows that the entry of a transaction has been completed.
Illustration: Analyse the following transactions. (a) Ramesh started his business with cash (b) Borrowed from Nikhil
(c) Purchased furniture
(d) Purchased furniture from Mohan on credit (e) Purchased goods for cash
(f) Purchased goods from Ram on credit (g) Sold goods for cash
(h) Sold goods to Hari on credit (i) Received cash from Hari (j) Paid cash to Ram
(k) Deposited into bank
(l) Withdrew cash for personal use (m) Withdrew from bank for office use (n) Withdrew from bank for personal use (o) Received cash from a customer, Shyam
(p) Paid salary by cheque (q) Received donation in cash (r) Paid to Ram by cheque (s) Paid salary
(t) Paid rent by cheque
(u) Goods withdrawn for personal use (v) Paid an advance to suppliers of goods (w) Received an advance from customers (x) Paid interest on loan
(y) Paid instalment of loan (z) Interest allowed by bank. Solution
ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS
Transaction
Accounts involved Nature of
accounts How affected Whether to be debited or credited
Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (a)
Capital A/c Personal Ramesh is the giver Credit Cash A/c Real Cash in coming in Debit (b)
Loan from Nikhil A/c Personal Nikhil is the giver Credit Furniture A/c Real Furniture is coming in Debit (c)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Furniture A/c Real Furniture is coming in Debit (d)
Mohan’s A/c Personal Mohan is the giver Credit Purchases A/c Real Goods are coming in Debit (e)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Purchases A/c Real Goods are coming in Debit (f)
Ram’s A/c Personal Ram is the giver Credit Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (g)
Sales A/c Real Goods are going out Credit Hari’s A/c Personal Hari is the receiver Debit (h)
Sales A/c Real Goods are going out Credit Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (i)
Hari’s A/c Personal Hari is the giver Credit Ram’s A/c Personal Ram is the receiver Debit (j)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Bank A/c Personal Bank is the receiver Debit (k)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Drawings A/c Personal Ramesh is the receiver Debit (l)
Transaction
Accounts involved Nature of
accounts How affected Whether to be debited or credited
Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (m)
Bank A/c Personal Bank is the giver Credit Drawings A/c Personal Ramesh is the receiver Debit (n)
Bank A/c Personal Bank is the giver Credit Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (o)
Shyam’s A/c Personal Shyam is the giver Credit Salary A/c Nominal Salary is an expense Debit (p)
Bank A/c Personal Bank is the receiver Credit Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (q)
Donation A/c Nominal Donation is a gain Credit Ram’s A/c Personal Ram is the receiver Debit (r)
Bank A/c Personal Bank is the giver Credit Salary A/c Nominal Salary is an expense Debit (s)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Rent A/c Nominal Rent is an expense Debit (t)
Bank A/c Personal Bank is the giver Credit Drawing’s A/c Personal Ramesh is the receiver Debit (u)
Purchases A/c Real Goods are going out Credit Advance to Suppliers A/c Personal Suppliers are the receivers Debit (v)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Cash A/c Real Cash is coming in Debit (w)
Adv. from Customers A/c Personal Customers are the givers Credit Interest on Loan A/c Nominal Interest on loan is an
expense Debit
(x)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Loan A/c Personal Lender is the receiver Debit (y)
Cash A/c Real Cash is going out Credit Bank A/c Personal Bank is the receiver Debit (z)
Bank Interest A/c Nominal Bank Interest is a gain Credit Illustration: Prepare Journal in the books of K.K. Co. from the following transactions:
1999 Rs. 1999 Rs.
Dec. 1 Started business with a capital of 50,000 Dec. 15 Purchased goods from Ram 4,000 Dec. 6 Paid into bank 20,000 Dec. 18 Paid wages to workers 300 Dec. 8 Purchased goods for cash 4,000 Dec. 20 Recd. from Pankaj
Allowed him discount Rs. 50 1,000 Dec. 9 Paid to Ram 1,980 Dec. 22 Withdrawn from bank 3,000 Dec. 9 Discount allowed by him 20 Dec. 25 Paid Ram by cheque 500 Dec. 10 Cash sales 3,000 Dec. 31 Withdrawn for personal use 200 Dec. 12 Sold to Hari for cash 2,000
Solution
IN THE BOOKS OF K.K. CO. Journal
Dr. Cr.
Date Particulars L.F. Rs. Rs.
1999
Dec. 1. Cash A/c Dr. 50,000
To Capital A/c 50,000
(Being business started with capital)
6. Bank A/c Dr. 20,000
To Cash A/c 20,000
(Being cash paid into bank)
8. Purchase A/c Dr. 4,000
To Cash A/c 4,000
(Being goods purchased for cash)
9. Ram A/c Dr. 2,000
To Cash A/c 1,980
To Discount Received A/c 20
(Being cash paid to Ram and discount received Rs. 20)
10. Cash A/c Dr. 3,000
To Sales A/c 3,000
(Being goods sold for cash)
12. Cash A/c Dr. 2,000
To Sales A/c 2,000
(Being goods sold for cash)
15 Purchases A/c Dr. 4,000
To Ram A/c 4,000
(Being goods purchased from Ram)
18. Wages A/c Dr. 300
To Cash A/c 300
20. Cash A/c Dr. 1,000
Discount Allowed A/c Dr. 50
To Pankaj A/c 1,050
(Being cash received from Pankaj and allowed him discount Rs. 50)
22. Cash A/c Dr. 3,000
To Bank A/c 3,000
(Being cash withdrawn from bank)
25. Ram A/c Dr. 500
To Bank A/c 500
(Being paid by cheque)
31. Drawings A/c Dr. 200
To Cash A/c 200
(Being withdrawn for personal use)
Grand Total 90,050 90,050
3.3.2 Goods Account
Generally, the term goods include every type of property such as Land, Building, Machinery, Furniture, Cloth etc. However, in accountancy its meaning is restricted to only those articles which are purchased by a businessman with an intention to sell it. For example, if a businessman purchased typewriter, it will be goods for him if he deals in typewriter but if he deals in other business say clothes then typewriter will be asset for him and clothes will be goods.