Byadopting the method described by AOAC (2012) as modified in this study, 10 g of 2 mm sieved dried sediment were weighed into an extraction cup and 10 ml of distilled water was added and the resulting mixtures were agitated on a mechanical shaker. Similar procedure was adopted for the water samples using 10 ml filtered sample volume. The conductivities were determined using a conductivity meter (DSS – 11A, China).
3.3.3.2 pH determination
The pH of the samples was determined usinga bench pH meter (PHS - 3CU, China) according to the method described by AOAC (2012) as modified in this study. The meter was first standardized against standard buffer solutions. The electrode of the meter was then
62
washed with distilled water and then immersed in the sample contained in a beaker. The pH of the sample was then read on the pH meter scale and noted.
3.3.3.3 Determination of percentage silt, clay and sand (Particle size analysis)
Byadopting the method described by AOAC (2012), 30 g of the sediment samples were weighed into 250 ml beakers and filled with distilled water up to 200 ml mark. The samples were washed four times with distilled water. Twenty millilitres of the solution of the freshly prepared 25 % sodium hexametaphosphate was added to 200 ml of distilled water-sample solution and was allowed to stand for 16 h. The suspension was transfered into 0.2 mm sieve.
The samples on the sieve is the sand while the sample that pass through is the silt both of which were dried to a constant weight and the percentage of the particle sizes are given by:
% sand Residue of sandx 100 Sample 1
% sand =Residue of silt x 100 Sample 1
% Clay = 100 – (% Silt + % Sand)
3.3.3.4 Moisture content determination
The moisture content of the samples was determined according to the method described by AOAC (2012), as modified in this study. Approximately 2 g of the sediment samples were weighed into three Petri dishes that were washed and dried in the oven (DHG- 9053AA, Life Assurance Scientific, UK). The weight of the Petri dishes and samples were noted before drying. The Petri dishes and samples were transferred into the oven and heated at 105 °C for 3 h, cooled in desiccators and the weight were noted. The drying procedure were continued until constant weights were obtained. The calculation of moisture content was given by:
% Silt =
% Sand =
63 W1- W2 X
Weight of sample
Where W1 = weight of Petri dish and sample before drying W2 = weight of Petridish and sample after drying
3.3.3.5 Soil porosity and bulk density determination
According tothe method described by APHA (2012), and as modified in this study, particle density (as well as bulk density) of a sand was easily approximated in the laboratory by the following procedure. Exactly 50 g of dry sands were weighed and transferred quantitatively using funnel to a 100 ml graduated cylinder. The cylinder was tapped 4 times to settle the sands. The volume was read and recorded on data sheet and sedimented soil samples were oven - dried at 105 °C for 2 h. The bulk density was calculated as follows:
Bulk density = oven - dry soil weight / volume of soil solids and pores
The sand particles were transferred to a container and saved. Fifty millilitres of water was added to the 100 ml graduated cylinder. The exact water volume was recorded (assume the density of water is 1 g c/m3). Fifty grams of sandswere weighed and transferredinto the cylinder. It was stirred to remove the trapped air. The particle density was calculated by dividing the weight of the sand (50 g) by the volume of the sand particles as follows:
Particle density = oven-dry soil weight / volume of soil solids Also, the pore space (% porosity) was calculated as follows:
Porosity = 1 – (particle density/bulk density)
3.3.3.6 Nitrogen determination
The nitrogen content of the samples was determined according to the method described by AOAC (2012). Exactly 1 g of sediment or 1 ml water samples were weighed or pipetted into
% Moisture content = 100
1
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a 100 ml Kjeldhal flask gently and then the flasks were closed and shaken. Then, 1 g of the Kjeldhal catalyst was added. The mixture was heated cautiously in a digestion rack under fire until clear solutions appeared. The clear solutions were then allowed to stand and cool for 30 minutes. After cooling, 100 ml of distilled water was added to Kjeldhal flask to avoid caking and then transferred to the Kjeldhal digestion apparatus. A 500 ml receiver flask containing 5 ml of boric acid indicator was placed under a condenser of the distillation apparatus so that the tap was 20 cm inside the solution. Then, 10 ml of 40 % sodium hydroxide was added to the digested samples in the apparatus and distillation commenced immediately until distillation reaches the 35 ml mark of the receiver flask, after which it was titrated to pink colour using 0.01 N hydrochloric acid. The % nitrogen content was calculated using:
% Nitrogen = Titre value x 0.01 x atomic mass of nitrogen x 4
Where Titre value = Volume of 0.05 N boric acid and 0.01 = Normality of boric acid.
3.3.3.7 Phosphorus determination
The phosphorus content of the samples was determined using the method described by AOAC (2012). Exactly 100 ml of the homogenized and filtered samples were pipetted into a conical flask. The same volume of distilled water (serving as control) was also pipetted into another conical flask. One millilitre of 18 M H2S04 and 0.89 g of ammonium persulphate were added to both conical flasks and gently boiled for 1 ½ h, making up the volume to 100 ml with distilled water. They were then cooled and one drop of phenolpthelein indicator was added and after neutralized to a faint pink colour with the 2 M Na0H solution. The pink colour was discharged by drop - wise addition of 2 M HCl, and the solutions were made up to 100 ml with distilled water. For the colorimetric analysis, 20 ml of the samples were pipetted into test tubes and 10 ml of the combined reagents added, shaken and left to stand for 10 minutes before reading the absorbance at 690 nm on a spectrophotometer using 20 ml of
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distilled water plus 1 ml of the reagent as reference. The standard phosphate solution was prepared by weighing exactly 219.5 mg of dried potassium hydrogen phosphate, dissolved in distilled water andmade up to 1000 ml in the flask, where 1 ml = 50.0 μg of phosphate. 10 ml of the stock solution was made up to 1000 ml to give 1 ml = 0.05 mg. Standards of strength ranging from 0 (blank) to 0.05 mg/l at intervals of 0.01 mg was prepared by diluting the stock with distilled water. Phosphorus content was determined using the equation below:
Absorbance of sample x Concentration of standard Absorbance of standard
3.3.3.8 Potassium and calcium determination
Thepotassium and calciumcontent of the samples were determined according to the method described by AOAC (2012). Exactly 2 g of 2 mm sieved dried sediment samples were weighed into an extraction cup and 20 ml of ammonium acetate added at a pH of 7 and was agitated using a mechanical shaker for about 20 minutes and filtered using a 9 mm filter papers. The filtrates obtained were read using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FS240AA- Agilent, USA).
3.3.3.9 Soil saturation determination
Byadopting the method described by AOAC (2012), cores were placed into sediment samples, trimmed flush with the metal cylinder at both ends, into a cylindrical sample holders and clamped tightly. The outside area of contact between the soil cores and the sample holders was sealed. The sample holders were placed into containers filled with water to a depth just below the top of the samples. The soil cores were allowed to soak for at least 16 h or until saturated. Then the time taken the water to drop completely was measured and soil saturation determined.
Concentration of sample =
66 3.3.3.10 Total organic carbon determination
Thetotal organic carboncontent of the samples was determined using the method described by AOAC (2012), by determining the moisture contents of the air – dried soils which have been grounded to pass a 0.42 mm sieve. Soils that could contain between 10 g and 20 mg of carbon were accurately weighed into a dry tared 20 ml conical flask (between 0.5 g and 1 g for 1 g for top soil and 2 g and 4 g for subsoil). Ten millilitres of 0.1 N K2Cr207 was added and swirled the flasks gently to disperse the soil in the solutions. Twenty millilitres concentration of H2SO4 was added thereby directing the stream into the suspensions. Immediately, the flask was swirled until the soils and the reagent were mixed. A 200 °C thermometer was inserted and heated while the flasks were swirled with the contents on a hot plate or over a gas burner and guaze until the temperature reaches 139 °C.The flasks were set aside to cool slowly on an asbestors sheet in a fume cupboard. Two blanks (without soil) were run in the same way to standardized FeSO4 solution.When cool (20 – 30 minutes), the mixtures were diluted to 200 ml with deionised water, and proceed with the FeSO4 titration using either the Ferroin indicator or potentiometrically with an expending scale pH/MV meter or auto titrator. For the Ferroin titration, 4 drops of Ferroin indicator were added and titrated with 0.4 N FeSO4. As the end points was approached, the solutions took on a greenish colour and then changed to a dark green. At this point, the FeSO4 was added drop- by- drop drop until the colour changed from blue – green to reddish – grey.
3.3.3.11 Soil texture (sediment type) determination
The soil texture (sediment type) of the three sampled locations were determined using soil texture triangle that gives a description of the various combinations of sand, silt and clay according to the method described by AOAC (2012). A coarse-textured or sandy soil is one
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comprised primarily of medium to coarse size sand particles. A fine-textured or clayey soil is one dominated by tiny clay particles. Due to the strong physical properties of clay, a soil with only 20 % clay particles behaves as sticky, gummy clayey soil. The term loam refers to a soil with a combination of sand, silt, and clay sized particles. For example, a soil with 30 % clay, 50 % sand, and 20 % silt is called a sandy clay loam.
3.3.3.12 Total dissolved solids (TDS) determination
The total dissolved solids of the water samples were determined according to the method of APHA(2012). Firstly, the fiber filter discs were prepared by placing it, wrinkled side up, in the filtration apparatus. Vacuum was applied and the disc washed with three successive 20 ml washings of distilled water. Continuous suctions were then applied to remove all traces of water. Clean evaporating dishes were heated to 180 ± 2 oC in oven (DHG- 9053AA, Life Assurance Scientific, UK) for 1 h, cooled and stored in a desiccator until needed. They were weighed immediately before use. A sample volume was chosen to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residues. Then, 50 ml of well mixed samples were filtered through the glass-fibre filters; washed with three successive 10 ml volumes of distilled water, allowing complete draining between washings. Suctions were continually applied for about 3 minutes after filtration is complete. The filtrates were transferred to a weighed evaporating dishes and evaporated to dryness on a steam bath (Techmel M3021, India). The evaporating dishes were finally dried for at least 1h in oven at 180 ± 2 oC, cooled in a desiccator to balance temperature and weighed. Total dissolved solid values were determined using the equation given below:
(A – B) × 103 mg/l
Sample volume in ml
Where A = weight of dish + solids (mg) and B = weight of dish before use (mg) TDS =
68 3.3.3.13 Total solids (TS) determination
Following the recommendation of the method described by APHA(2012), 100 ml of the water samples (50 ml) were measured into a pre-weighed dishes and evaporated to dryness at 103 oC on a steam bath. The evaporated samples were dried in an oven (DHG- 9053AA, Life Assurance Scientific, UK) for 1 h at 103 - 105 oC, cooled in a desiccator and their constant weights were recorded. Total solids were calculated as follow:
Total solids = Total Suspended Solids + Total Dissolved Solids
3.3.3.14 Total suspended solids (TSS) determination
Following the recommendation of the method described by APHA(2012), total suspended solids were determined by subtracting the result of total dissolved solids from total solid as follows:
Total solids (TS) – Total dissolved solids (TDS) = Total Suspended solids (TSS)
3.3.3.15 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination
The chemical oxygen demandof the water samples was determined according to the method of APHA(2012). Exactly 10.0 ml of the water samples were introduced into 100 ml round- bottom flask containing 2 ml potassium dichromate, 2.5 mlmercuric sulphate solution, 15 ml concentrated sulphuric acid containing silver sulphate and an anti – bumping rod. The mixtures were heated gently, but steady boiling over an electric hot plate under a reflux condenser. After exactly 45 minutes boiling, they were allowed to cool briefly, washed with 20 mlof distilled water through the condenser into the flasks and cooled completely in cold water. Two drops of Ferroin solution were added and titrated against excess potassium
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dichromate with ammonium iron (II) sulphate until the colour changed from bluish- green to reddish brown. A blank with 10.0 ml distilled water under exactly the same conditions.
3.3.3.16 Dissolved oxygen (DO) in water determination
Following the recommendation of the method described by APHA(2012), the stopper from the water sample containers were carefully removed and added in turn 1 ml manganous sulphate solution followed by 1 ml alkaline – iodide –azide solution. The tips of the pipettes should be weeded below the surface of the liquidwhen introducing various reagents into the full container of samples. Thestoppers were carefully replaced after each addition so as to avoid inclusion of air bubbles. The contents were mixed thoroughly by inversion and rotation until a clear supernatant water was obtained. One millilitre of concentrated sulphuric acid was added with the tip of the pipette below the level of solutions and again replaced the stoppers.
The solution was mixed well by rotation until the precipitation has completely dissolved. 100 ml of the solutions were pipetted into 250 ml conical flasks and immediately titrated against standard sodium thiosulphate (0.0125 mol/dm3) using freshly prepared starch solution as the indicator which was added when the solution became pale yellow. The titration was carried out in triplicate.
3.3.3.17 Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) determination
Following the recommendation of the method described by APHA(2012), the general equation for the determination of a BOD5value is given below:
BOD5 (mg/l) =Where D1= initial dissolved oxygen (DO) of the sample; D5 = final dissolved oxygen (DO) of the sample after 5 days; and P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used (0.05).
D1– D5
0.05
70 3.4 Acute Toxicity Testing