1.Perform PROM of the upper and lower extremities with
I N D E P E N D E N T L E A R N I N G A C T I V I T I E S
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Alfredson, H, Lorentzon, R: Superior results with continuous passive motion compared to active motion after periosteal transplantation: a retrospective study of human patella cartilage defect treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7(4):232, 1999.
2. Basso, DM, Knapp, L: Comparison of two continuous passive motion protocols for patients with total knee implants. Phys Ther 67:360, 1987.
3. Chiarello, CM, Gunersen, L, O’Halloran, T: The effect of continuous passive motion duration and increment on range of motion in total knee arthroplasty patients. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 25(2):119, 1997.
4. Denis, M, Moffet, H, Caron, F, et al: Effectiveness of continuous passive motion and conventional physical therapy after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther 86(2):174–185, 2006.
5. Dockery, ML, Wright, TW, LaStayo, P: Electromyography of the shoulder: an analysis of passive modes of exercise. Orthopedics 11:1181, 1998.
6. Donatelli, R, Owens-Burckhart, H: Effects of immobilization on the
extensibility of periarticular connective tissue. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 3:67, 1981.
7. Fletcher, GF, et al: Exercise Standards: A Statement for Health Profes- sionals. American Heart Association, Dallas, 1991.
8. Frank, C, et al: Physiology and therapeutic value of passive joint motion. Clin Orthop 185:113, 1984.
9. Gose, J: Continuous passive motion in the postoperative treatment of patients with total knee replacement. Phys Ther 67:39, 1987. 10. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, ed 4. American Col-
lege of Sports Medicine, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1991. 11. Kumar, PJ, McPherson, EJ, et al: Rehabilitation after total knee
arthroplasty: a comparison of 2 rehabilitation techniques. Clin Orthop 331:93, 1996.
12. LaStayo, PC, Wright T, et al: Continuous passive motion after repair of the rotator cuff: a prospective outcome study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80(7):1002, 1998.
13. LaStayo, PC: Continuous passive motion for the upper extremity. In Hunter, JM, MacKin, EJ, Callahan AD (eds) Rehabilitation of the Hand: Surgery and Therapy, ed 4. Mosby, St/ Louis, 1995.
14. McCarthy, MR, et al: The clinical use of continuous passive motion in physical therapy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 15:132, 1992.
BOX 3.3 Functional Range of Motion Activities
Early ROM training for functional upper extremity and neck patterns may include activities such as
•Grasping an eating utensil; utilizing finger extension and flexion
•Eating (hand to mouth); utilizing elbow flexion and fore- arm supination and some shoulder flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation
•Reaching to various shelf heights; utilizing shoulder flex- ion and elbow extension
•Brushing or combing back of hair; utilizing shoulder abduction and lateral rotation, elbow flexion, and cervical rotation
•Holding a phone to the ear; shoulder lateral rotation, fore- arm supination, and cervical side bend
•Donning or doffing a shirt or jacket; utilizing shoulder extension, lateral rotation, elbow flexion and extension
•Reaching out a car window to an ATM machine; utilizing shoulder abduction, lateral rotation, elbow extension, and some lateral bending of the trunk
Early ROM training for functional lower extremity and trunk patterns may include activities such as
•Going from supine to sitting at the side of a bed; utilizing hip abduction and adduction followed by hip and knee flexion
•Standing up/sitting down and walking; utilizing hip and knee flexion and extension, ankle dorsi and plantar flex- ion and some hip rotation
•Putting on socks and shoes; utilizing hip external rotation and abduction, knee flexion and ankle dorsi and plantar flexion, and trunk flexion
15. Nadler, SF, Malanga, GA, Jimmerman, JR: Continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation setting: a retrospective study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 72(3):162, 1993.
16. Norkin, CC, White, DJ: Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry, ed 3. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 2003.
17. O’Driscoll, SW, Giori, NJ: Continuous passive motion (CPM) theory and principles of clinical application. J Rehabil Res Dev 37(2):179, 2000.
18. Pope, RO, Corcoran, S, et al: Continuous passive motion after primary total knee arthroplasty: does it offer any benefits? J Bone Joint Surg Br 79(6):914, 1997.
19. Rosen, MA, Jackson, DW, Atwell, EA: The efficacy of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med 20(2):122, 1992.
20. Salter, RB: History of rest and motion and the scientific basis for early continuous passive motion. Hand Clin 12(1):1, 1996.
21. Salter, RB, Simmens, DF, Malcolm, BW: The biological effects of continuous passive motion on the healing of full thickness defects in articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62:1232, 1980.
22. Salter, RB: The prevention of arthritis through the preservation of car- tilage. J Can Assoc Radiol 31:5, 1981.
23. Salter, RB, Bell, RS, Keely, FW: The protective effect of continuous passive motion on living cartilage in acute septic arthritis. Clin Orthop 159:223, 1981.
24. Salter, RB: Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, ed 3. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999.
25. Salter, RB, et al: Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints. J Orthop Res 1:325, 1984.
26. Smith, LK, Weiss, EL, Lehmkuhl, LD: Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesi- ology, ed 5. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1996.
27. Stap, LJ, Woodfin, PM: Continuous passive motion in the treatment of knee flexion contractures: a case report. Phys Ther 66:1720, 1986. 28. Wasilewski, SA, Woods, LC, et al: Value of continuous passive
motion in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 13(3):291, 1990. 29. Witherow, GE, Bollen, SR, Pinczewski, LA: The use of continuous
passive motion after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate liga- ment reconstruction: help or hindrance? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1(2):68, 1993.
30. Yashar, AA, Venn Watson, E, et al: Continuous passive motion with accelerated flexion after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 345:38, 1997.
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