Lesson Learned

In the previous sections, we reviewed different IEEE 802.11 standard routing protocol algorithms and the alternative proposed algorithms stemmed from adaptations and modifications of the ad hoc network standard algorithms for both MANET and WMN. While the emerging IEEE 802.11s standard routing protocols are being considered and tested, more innovations are being proposed. There are also proposed improved-variants and hybrid WMN routing protocol versions. The routing protocols were reviewed based on packet transmission and connectivity issues with reference to open research

challenge resolutions. Here in this section, we further discussed what have been learned from our study.

The study showed that diverse types of routing protocols have different attributes, strengths and advantages. Nevertheless, these proposed routing protocols also bring disadvantages and flaws, when used in diverse routing applications or network topologies. The routing flaws and challenges such as count-to-infinity, spoofing, delay location and speed of updates or failure recovery perform variably in different operations namely proactive or reactive.

There is also a structural factor: cluster-based, hierarchical or flat architecture of the network transmission and also the routing table update mechanism. We deduced that mobility and randomness of the traffic at client-nodes are directly proportional to the network’s traffic load and the load balancing. The transmitting spectrum of traffic may be multimedia, bidirectional or single way network traffics such as they can be constant, burst or periodic. The variation of the traffic has a limiting or sublime effect on the overall performance metric.

Some IP traffics may be time-sensitive in data packets transmissions and such will require prioritization in WMN.

The traffic engineering technique is introduced as an open research opportunity is a holistic and more comprehensive approach to achieving a routing operation which can work in different terrains and scenarios. MPLS being multi-layer path diversity and equally comprehensive solution is able to overcome most of the challenges and flaws analyzed in the preceding sections. It will open an area of research opportunity in resolving routing protocol challenges by configuring secure tunnels and traffic paths using IP routing commands and addressing.

Transmissions using traffic engineering techniques can create path diversity for failed packets retransmission and facilitate faster routing table updates.

This can enhance efficient connectivity, throughput and bandwidth in WMN routing protocol. Furthermore, the retransmission of data packets and acknowledgement of route requests may resolve the “looping” or counting to infinity problems in WMN routing protocol. Consequently, there will be faster

routing protocol convergence and faster updates in short link-state route protocol information.

The traffic engineering label mapping tag technique reduces overhead and processing time. It also saves time in routing tables updating and speed of convergence. The IP configuration and addressing removes the instances of looping and count to infinity error challenges. The location management, GPS and directional based routing protocols all have high processing and overhead which increase latency, is resolved using IP addressing and intelligent configuration. IP addressing resolves mesh client node location. The comprehensive proposed research opportunity shows that even with the best metrics optimal routing is not only ensured but can be improved in a multi layer optimization using TE. Research emulation test beds and evaluations have not been explored as of the time this review paper is produced but a lot of works has been done on MPLS-TE routing protocol for WMNs.

2.8. Conclusion

In this chapter, analysis and study was carried out on the WMN, the design migration and developmental trends in wireless mesh network routing protocol was done. Our study focus was more on the routing protocol layer. We highlighted many and divergent techniques the routing protocols capture the challenges of the traditional older ad hoc network routing protocol and we further did a comparative analysis on the various design algorithms with specific evaluation on its adaptation to solutions properly investigated.

Derivative solution based-routing protocol proposals were observed. The concept and mechanisms of the routing protocol algorithms were also studied as comparative strengths of resolution in the routing protocol. A review of the many variants/adapted solutions with respect to the inherent and open research opportunities and challenges were explored too. The relevance of the diverse routing protocol to wireless mesh network routing and switching challenges was also looked into.

Finally, an open research opportunity on traffic engineering mechanism in synergy with the WMN was explored. The resolutions of existing routing protocol challenges were studied too. The numerous design-creative and adapted solutions to routing protocol network traffics were compared and objectively discussed. Furthermore, formulating comprehensive solutions through multi-faceted IP approaches to these major challenges offering the network resolution through traffic engineering - MPLS transmission engineering mechanism.

The proposed mechanism could improve path diversity, scalability, load balancing and security of the routed packets in routing protocol of wireless mesh protocol. This MPLS-TE can equally improve efficiency in bandwidth aggregating and connectivity especially in broadband networks. The advances in traffic engineering techniques using low-computationally overhead and low processing IP configurations and commands will further encourage potential commercial usage and adoption for faster forward switching routing protocol and the combined mechanism of traffic engineering and routing will promote faster data packet transmission in WMN. Traffic engineering mechanism also creates a secured packet traffic transmission over wireless mesh network.

TE also gives the administrator an enhanced flexibility approach in QoS and real time prioritization which in turn increases the scalability and load balance in WMN. TE addressing and intelligent configuration command can also increase the resultant throughput during transmission. These open research potentials will also generate a multi-protocol holistic standard for WMN. All these raised issues and possibility are open to further scientific research test and analysis. This chapter has lead to further work on Wireless mesh network – a traffic engineering management security adaptation published as journal for networks Elsevier 2010 [113,114] by the same authors and new interested research respectively.

CHAPTER 3