Top Level Design Considerations

During the design stage, there is collaboration between design team, engineers and technical specialist’s consultants which involves providing the proper project information relating to design, its use and context to the specialists to review and gaining advice for changes (Chuck et al, 2008). This aforementioned collaboration sometimes is considered as new service that can be grouped into two following areas:

 Concept design development.

 Integrating design with construction leading to improve coordination between the project members such as structural, mechanical and electrical engineers.

REVIEW ON BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

The preliminary search terms were comprehensively evaluated to identify the most suitable search terms. Based on the stated objectives, the following terms were used to search the relevant papers in online databases: ‘BIM’, ‘Construction’, ‘BIM in construction industries’,

‘BIM Application’. All articles were identified and retrieved from the online databases. The articles searched on the databases were published in the period 2012 to 2016. The screening and selection of the papers was done based on their titles, abstracts and conclusions. Table 2 shows the summary of the selected BIM papers as they relate to the various sections of the construction industries.

Various papers discussed the usage of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and its application in different places in the construction industry. These papers include: David et al. (2012), Ramesh and Helen (2013), Emad et al. (2014), Dooyong and Heesung (2014), Carbonari et al. (2015), Mojtaba et al. (2015), Abdulkadir and Godfaurd (2015), Maggie and Issam (2016), Pawel et al. (2016), Laila et al. (2016), Hande et al. (2016).

71 Table 2: Summary of Papers related to BIM in the Construction Industry

References BIM Application Benefit Result

David et al. (2012) Project benefit Positive reviews received supersede the negative.

BIM reduces cost and controls project.

Ramesh and Helen (2013)

Constructability of Climbing formwork system

Details like cost, time, quality safety and other factors in conventional and climbing formwork are explored.

More complex formwork models can be generated, their constructability and build ability factors known.

Emad et al. (2014) Cost Estimation/

Monitoring for Building Construction

BIM gives visual characteristics of a building and the facilities involved. The quantities are then extracted and exported from the model data base for project cost estimation to be made.

The actual cost and estimated cost difference can be calculated. The visualized cost estimate and control model helps to manage the project.

Dooyong and Heesung (2014)

Integration of

Building Maintenance Data

BIM application in facility management for planning and management of project increases work efficiency.

BIM saves time and money in facility management.

Carbonari et al.

(2015)

Building Information Model

Implementation for Existing Buildings for Facilities

Management

BIM usage for two existing building for better

understanding of BIM system in UK.

BIM provide complete architectural details that helps facility manager manage buildings and improve their validity.

Mojtaba et al. (2015) Reducing the Operational Energy Demand in Buildings using Building Information Modeling Tools and

Sustainability Approaches

BIM usage for reducing environmental impacts and to know energy usage in real time in residential buildings.

BIM helps architects and building designers to develop energy efficient buildings in future and maintain their life cycle.

Abdulkadir and Godfaurd (2015)

Integrating Building Information Modeling and Health and Safety for Onsite

Construction

BIM 4D CAD generate models for designers need showing tower crane movements and other construction vehicle movement.

BIM gives a visual environment of a site in order to make the construction site safe.

Maggie and Issam (2016)

Using BIM to Retrofit Existing Buildings

With proper data management and interoperability, BIM offers platform for reducing energy consumption in existing building.

Using standardise

organisation framework for existing building, BIM can be utilised for projects renovation.

Pawel et al. (2016) Decision Making with the Use of Building Information Modelling

BIM usage in decision making optimization in construction project.

Along with BIM some other project management decision making software are used.

Laila et al. (2016) Integrating Heritage Building Information Modelling Tools in the Application of Sustainable Retrofitting of Heritage Buildings

Sustainable retrofitting was made in Egyptian heritage buildings for conservation to maintain the value embedded in them.

The need for investment for applying BIM and sustainable retrofit in Egypt to get a better return investment.

Hande et al. (2016) Building Information Modelling (BIM) use in Turkish

Construction Industry

Globalization changes, as a result of improvement in technologies brings about competition in the construction industry.

BIM gives more

advantageous environment like efficient monitoring and reporting, efficient project management during project life cycle.

Source: Authors’ work (2018)

David et al. (2012) paper on the Project Benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM) studies BIM usage for benefits in projects. The authors collected secondary data from 35 construction projects done by BIM system. The authors received both positive and negative review about BIM. The positive review are BIM reduces cost and control project throughout the project life cycle. The negative reviews are more training and awareness are needed for

72 BIM usage. The paper concluded that BIM should be marketed widely and their initial costs should be reduced to enable smaller firms to use the software too.

Ramesh and Helen (2013) paper on Constructability Assessment of Climbing Formwork Systems Using Building Information Modelling, studies the usage of BIM in vertical development structures formwork system. The authors compared the conventional formwork system with climbing formwork system in a 20 storeys high-rise building using BIM. By developing the model using BIM, the authors explored the details like; cost, time, quality safety and other factors in conventional and climbing formwork. The paper concluded that more complex formwork models can also be generated using BIM and their constructability and build ability factors can be known. Other than formworks, scaffoldings and shoring can also be incorporated in BIM for better results.

Emad et al. (2014) focuses on BIM-Based Cost Estimation/ Monitoring for Building Construction. This studies BIM usage for cost estimation and monitoring of a building. The BIM gives visual characteristics of a building and the facilities involved in the building. The quantities are extracted and exported from BIM model database. Then using Microsoft Excel, project cost estimation can be made. The cost are then monitored after the estimation through MSP and they can be updated periodically. The actual cost and estimated cost difference can be calculated. By this visualized cost estimate and control model, the authors says it helps to manage the project in a well manner.

Dooyong and Heesung (2014) looks at Integration of Building Maintenance Data in Application of Building Information Modelling (BIM). The authors’ studies BIM usage in a real time project to provide guidance for project managers in step by step approach in BIM, in order to maintain information in earlier stage of project. The authors carried out BIM with facility management for planning and management of project. So the work efficiency gets increased due to correct information provided in BIM model. In conclusion, the paper shows saving of time and money when using BIM with facility management.

Carbonari et al. (2015) paper on Building Information Model Implementation for Existing Buildings for Facilities Management: A Framework and Two Case Studies; studies BIM usage for two existing buildings, for better understanding of BIM system in UK. The model of two buildings are generated. They made retro-BIM framework model for facility management in two existing buildings. The model developed during design and construction phase are different from model generated in retrofitting stage in BIM. But it gives complete architectural details which helps facility manager in managing buildings and to improve the validity of the buildings through BIM.

Mojtaba et al. (2015) paper looks at Reducing the Operational Energy Demand in Buildings using Building Information Modelling Tools and Sustainability Approaches. They studies BIM usage for reducing environmental impacts and to know energy usage in residential building’s real time. For constructing a sustainable building, they assigned different combination of material to design buildings using BIM to find out most successful combination of material for a good sustainable building and their energy consumption. By using BIM, it helps architects and building designers to develop energy efficient building in future and maintain the life cycle of the building.

Abdulkadir and Godfaurd (2015) paper on Integrating Building Information Modelling and Health and Safety for Onsite Construction studies BIM usage for health and safety in onsite construction. Through BIM 4D CAD, models can be generated by designers so that they show tower crane and other construction vehicle movements, which makes the construction more reliable. Through this provision, safety can be ensured during construction phase and they can be documented for future use. The paper concluded that BIM gives a visual environment of a site. So, health and safety can also be included as package property within BIM to provide a safe and comfortable construction site.

Maggie and Issam (2016) paper focuses on Using BIM to Retrofit Existing Buildings. This studies BIM usage in retrofitting existing buildings and their sustainability. The authors examines whether BIM offers platform for reducing energy consumption in existing building. By the proper data management and interoperability, serious informational challenges can be tackled. Adapting legal and organisational frameworks are necessary to standardise BIM for existing building and can be utilised for renovation projects.

Pawel et al. (2016) paper present Decision Making with the Use of Building Information Modelling, studies the usage of BIM in decision making optimization in construction project.

73 The authors chooses practical example for choice of best location of the office building.

They gathered the facilities involved in building using BIM and different location were suggested by the planner. BIM perform the energy consumption of the building at different location and they are iterated through reference point method for decision making. The decision maker conducted six iteration and chooses the second iteration solution as the best one. The building is located in New Delhi, India. Thus the authors concluded that along with BIM some other project management decision making software are used and also suggested that they be included in BIM in the future.

Laila et al. (2016) paper on Integrating Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) Tools in the Application of Sustainable Retrofitting of Heritage Buildings in Egypt, studies BIM usage for heritage building retrofitting work. The authors made sustainable retrofitting in Egyptian heritage building for conservation to maintain the value embedded in them. They analysed different heritage buildings by sustainable retrofit and HBIM. Although heritage buildings are analysed using BIM, there is lack of equipment, professional and finance in the country which make the heritage buildings as is it. Finally, the paper concluded that, there is need of investment for applying BIM and sustainable retrofit in Egypt to get a better investment returns.

Hande et al. (2016) paper on Building Information Modelling (BIM) use in Turkish Construction Industry studies that, due to globalization changes, there is a lot of improvement in technologies which rises a competition in the construction industry. By taking this into consideration, the authors analysed the usage of BIM in Turkish construction industry and found out about obstacles on using BIM for various reasons like; organisational structure and culture of companies, high initial investment over implementation of BIM software and hardware, technological deficiencies of stakeholder. The paper concluded that by overcoming these obstacles, BIM gives more advantageous environment like efficient monitoring and reporting, efficient project management during project life cycle, improved scheduling capabilities and reduces changes during construction.

CONCLUSION

From the review conducted on the selected papers, its shows that BIM is not only made for 3D modelling of buildings, they can also be used in various ways. BIM possess more positive approach to the construction industry for customer satisfaction, time reduction, cost reduction and good organisation work in future. BIM can also be used to achieve the following goals: To reduce errors in design & clash detection, to boost the integration of cost and time, to improve the integration of design and construction phase, to increase the collaboration between different construction sections. This shows that BIM application in the construction industry is diverse.