Lexical level errors

Naming (Total) 5 15 5 49 69 66 14 4 15

1. Letter level errors 5 15 5 39 57 63 14 4 15

Spelling Errors 5 15 0 23 35 37 13 4 15

Perseverative Errors 0 0 0 15 22 25 1 0 0

Phonological errors 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

2. Lexical level errors 0

. , T . 7 1 r . 1 1 2 . m / r \

0 0 10

7 7 7 i

12 3 0 0 0

TABLE 2.19:

SK DS

Timing o f assessment BT(L)' AT(L)" AT(R)3 BT(L) AT(L) AT(R)

Dictation (words =35, letters = 155)

W ords initiated 33(94.2%) 35(100%) 35(100%) 35(100%) 35(100%) 35(100%)

W ord correct 7(20%) 7(20%) 7(20%) 1(2.8%) 1(2.8%) 1(2.8%)

No o f letters produced 119(76.7%) 141(91%) 139(89.7%) 169(109%) 196(125.5%) 181(116.7%)

No o f correct letters 82(52.9%) 99(63.8%) 102(65.8%) 30(19.5%) 45(29%) 33(21.3%)

No o f correct letters in correct position 62(40%) 76(49%) 79(51%) 14(9%) 20(12.9%) 15(9.7%)

Upper case letters produced 3(2.5%) 2(1.4%) 17(12.2%) 90(53.25%) 187(95.4%) 142(78.5%)

Lower case letters produced 116(97.5%) 139(98.6%) 122(87.8%) 69(46.75%) 9(4.5%) 39(21.5%)

N am ing (words =30, letters = 169)

W ords initiated 27(90%) 27(90%) 30(100%) 30(100%) 30(100%) 30(100%)

W ord correct 4(13.3%) 7(23.3%) 10(33.3%) 0 0 2(6.6%)

No o f letters produced 100(59.1%) 134(79.3%) 134(79.3%) 152(90%) 166(98.2%) 139(82.2%)

No o f correct letters 82(48.5%) 103(61%) 108(63.9%) 35(20.7%) 51(30.2%) 33(19.5%)

No o f correct letters in correct position 58(34.3%) 67(39.6%) 75(44.4%) 14(8.2%) 16(9.5%) 15(8.9%)

Upper case letters produced 8 (8%) 6(4.5%) 11(8.2%) 75(49.3%) 153(92.1%) 103(74.1%)

Lower case letters produced 92(92%) 128(95.5%) 123(91.8%) 77(50.7%) 13(7.9%) 36(25.9%)

SK DS

Timing o f assessment BT(L)' AT(L)^ A T(R)' BT(L) AT(L) AT(R)

Dictation (Total) 62 59 61 146 179 160

1. Letter level errors 57 51 59 146 179 160

Spelling Errors 46 40 56 7 16 20

Perseverative Errors 5 11 3 139 163 140

Phonological errors 6 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0

2, Lexical level errors 5 8 2 0 0 0

Naming (Total) 73 58 59 117 157 112

1. Letter level errors 72 56 56 117 157 107

Spelling Errors 66 50 53 16 6 19

Perseverative Errors 4 4 2 101 151 87

Phonological errors 2 2 1 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 1

2. Lexical level errors 1

7

2 3 0 0 5

one more than the target words,

SK was able to initiate all words after therapy in the writing to dictation task, compared to 94% before therapy. However, the success rate was the same on all occasions. In the naming task, she was able to initiate all words only with the right hand after therapy, while the number o f words initiated with the left hand remained unchanged. The number o f correct words produced was higher after therapy and she demonstrated side differences with the right hand output which was higher than the left hand. This pattern o f improved performance after therapy and the side differences- with the right hand better than the left, was also evident in the number o f correct letters produced and in the numbers o f letters produced in the correct within word position.

SK produced mainly lower case letters. Before therapy, in the dictation task, she produced words o f only up to seven letters while the target words in this task had up to ten letters. The majority o f the letters produced correctly for both real words and non- words in this task were in the first three positions o f the words (23 out o f 25 for the first position, 22 out o f 25 for the second, 22 out o f 25 for the third but only 11 out o f 22 for the fourth and 3 out o f 8 for the fifth position). A fter therapy, in the same task, she produced words o f only up to seven letters with the left hand and up to nine letters with the right hand. For both hands, the majority o f the letters produced correctly for both real words and non-words, in this task, were in all possible positions. In the naming task, before therapy, similar to the writing to dictation task, she produced words with up to eight letters when the target words contained up to ten

in the initial (27 out o f 30) and third word positions (26 out o f 30) but not in the remaining positions (19 out o f 30 for the second position, 11 out o f 23 for the fourth position, 5 out o f 19 for the fifth and 2 out 14 for the sixth position). After therapy, in the same task, she produced words o f up to eight letters with the left hand and up to seven letters with the right. However in this task, with the right hand, she produced the majority o f the letters correctly in the first three word positions, while with the left hand an underproduction was observed.

While all these patients were classified as having moderate aphasia, there was a great variability in the errors produced. The most severely impaired patients in this group- ES and BM, seemed to produce only letter-level errors. The errors made by these two patients were only letter-level spelling errors. D S’ errors were also letter-level errors, but perseverations were the main type o f letter-level errors. However, in the naming task after therapy, DS did produce some lexical errors, which were absent in all other conditions. Lexical type errors were also present in the less severely impaired patients o f this group - MC and SK. Also the same patients produced more spelling than perseverative letter level errors.

Changes in the error patterns before and after therapy as well as side differences in errors after therapy were not present in patient ES and BM. DS demonstrated less letter-level errors with his right hand in the naming task after therapy and he also presented with lexical level errors. MC, in the writing to dictation task, made less letter-levels after therapy and demonstrated side differences in this type o f errors. In the same task, he presented lexical level errors only after therapy and demonstrated

letter-levels errors after therapy, but less with the right hand than the left hand. In the same task, he produced less lexical level errors after therapy only with the right hand. SK produced both letter level and lexical level errors in all occasions. In the writing to dictation task, while she did not demonstrate a pattern o f change in the letter level errors, there were less lexical level errors produced with the right hand after therapy. However, in the naming task she produced less errors after therapy.

2.3.2.3. Patients with mild aphasia (N=3)

The evaluation o f written language performance for the patients with mild aphasia is presented in Table 2.21, and the errors produced in Table 2.22

All patients were able to initiate all words in all occasions. In the writing to dictation task, SP made errors only in non-words before therapy, in words and non-words after therapy with the left hand, and in non-words with his right hand after therapy. However the number o f non-words with errors after therapy were less than before therapy and demonstrated side differences. In the same task, he made only letter-level spelling errors, except with his left hand after therapy where he made also perseverative errors. In the naming task he incorrectly produced two words on all occasions and his errors were lexical type errors.

In the writing to dictation task, before therapy, DB made errors on both words and non-words and she made letter type errors with non-words and lexical type errors with the words. In the naming task she made only lexical type errors. A fter therapy, on the writing to dictation task she made errors with both words and non-words. However,