Based on (Saragih : 2006) Lexical metaphors show that lexical meanings are referred to express or understand other meanings. lexical metaphors can be realized by various realizations which generally express a phenomenon seen from two perspectives.
Saragih (2006) declares that lexical metaphor shows lexical meaning is partly referred to understand another meaning. If further analysis, there are many sentences shaped metaphor that can be found in the folklore which is still to be understood deeply.
From the perspective of systemic functional linguistics (SFL), lexical metaphors are recognized as a resource for enacting interpersonal meaning in discourse. Within the appraisal framework, they constitute a means for „provoking‟ an attitudinal interpretation. While the interpersonal function of lexical metaphors is well recognized in SFL, there have been relatively few studies that focus specifically on their deployment in the construction of recurring rhetorical strategies in discourse. This is explored in this study in the context of media editorials. It is found that there are patterns in the choices of lexical metaphor, in the values they provoke and the experiential entities these values couple with. The reinforcement of these evaluative couplings in the flow of text functions to promote values similar to the provoked ones. The analyses also show that lexical metaphors propose bonds of affiliation to a putative readership and therefore foster the readers of the newspaper.
Saragih (2006) also states that lexical metaphor can be classified into five concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, sounds concept and social concept.
2.2.2.1. Noun-Noun Concept
This concept lexical metaphors are forms with nouns or nouns compared to other nouns.
Example: Try opening the door of his heart with the door.
The data : Open (n) – Heart (n) 2.2.2.2. Noun-Verb Concept
This concept lexical metaphors are forms with nouns compared with related verbs or can be compared with verbs associated with other nouns,
Example: The funds must be disbursed this week The data : Funds (n) – Disbursed (v)
2.2.2.3. Noun-Adjective Concept
This concept lexical metaphors exist by comparing nouns with adjectives from or assembled with other nouns.
Example: the illegal immigrants have been arrested by the police The data : Immigrants (n) – Illegal (adj)
2.2.2.4. Social Concept
This concepts the metaphor of existence compares two social concepts or ideologies in two communities.
Example: He has become Si Malin Kundang, the country has become the Republic of Bananas (ideological metaphors with their respective meanings as ungodly children and a country in debt and infected with a plague of corruption.
2.2.2.5. Sound Concept
A lexical metaphor can exist by sound.
Example: Hus..hus..hus (Animals such as chickens, dogs and cats are driven out with these words. Someone who is blocking a number of children from moving somewhere says hus..hus..hus).
The data : Hus..hus..hus ( Sound) 2.2.3. Functions of Lexical Metaphor
According to Leech (via Nurismilida, 2010: 19), the function of metaphors in the context of language use can be divided into several types, including the following;
(1) Information function, which is the use of metaphorical language as a means to convey information about the thoughts and feelings of the speaker to the speaker with the characteristic of containing ideas, beliefs, certainty, anger, worry, anxiety, and courage.
(2) Expressive Functions, namely the use of language that contains an expectation and desire to the interlocutor with the characteristics of the direction, suggestion, or implied expectations.
(3) Directive Function, is a metaphorical language that contains elements that can influence attitudes and independence which are usually characterized by commands, instructions, threats, or questions.
(4) Fatic function, is the use of metaphorical language that intends to convey a message with the aim of maintaining a harmonious relationship characterized by the use of language that implicitly means good and bad relationships, the closeness of social relations, and familiar relations.
2.3. Folklore
Folklore The word folklore comes from English, namely folklore. Of the two basic words, namely folk and lore. According to Alan Dundes (Danandjaja, 2007: 1-2), folk is a group of people who have physical, social and cultural identification characteristics, while lore is a folk tradition, that is, part of its culture, which is passed down orally orally or through an example accompanied by gestures or reminder assistance devices (mnemonic devices).
Folklore that is often researched is people's prose stories. According to Bascomdibuku Danandjaja (2007: 50), folk prose stories are divided into 3 groups, namely myths, legends, folktales.
2.3.1. Myth (Myth)
According to Bascom, myth is a people's prose story that is considered truly true and sacred by those who have a story. Myth was ruled by gods or demigods. legend of humans, although sometimes have extraordinary traits, and often also assisted by magical creatures. Legend is often seen as a collective "history" (folk history), although "history" is not written and has been distorted, so it can often be far different from the original story. (Danandjaja, J, 1984: 66). So it can be concluded that the legend is indeed closely related to the history of life in the past although the level of truth is often not pure. The legend is semihistorical (Rukmini, D, 2009: 37). In more detail, Brunvand classifies the legend into four groups, namely: (1) religious legend, (2) legend of the supernatural legend, (3) ) Personal legend (personal legend), (4) local legend (local legend).
2.3.2. Folktales (folktale)
Folktales are stories that are not considered true. Folktales are told mainly for entertainment. (Danandjaja, J, 1984: 83-84).The folktale is a story passed on by words of mouth rather than by writing, and thus partly modified by successive re-telling before being written down orrecorded (Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, 2008, p.132).
Strictly, it can bedefined as a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally; many of these tales eventually achieve written form (a glossary of literary terms 1999, p.101). In addition, it is a simple story which does not actually occur, has entertainment elements and also the function is to convey moral teachings for the readers (Triyanto, 2007, p.46). The differences between folktales and folklore since its creation in 1846 by William Thoms, the definition of the term “folklore” has, as
Dundes (1965: 1) puts it, been subject to a great deal of discussion. According to him, some definitions concern the definition of „lore‟, that is the material of folklore and others concern the folk, that is the people who produce the lore.Folktales are a particular subset of folklore, and refer to stories that were traditionally passed down verbally from generation to generation, though many of the stories can now be found in written form.
Typically, the original author is unknown and there are often many versions of the tale, both within one culture and across different cultures. Some of the tales may have been based on a partial truth embellished with storytelling flourishes. Many folktales were used to explain things that were difficult to understand, to discipline (or frighten) children, or to provide a moral lesson. Folktales can take the form of legends, myths, fairy tales or fables.