1. INTRODUCTION 1
7.3. Limitations and Future Work 85
There are a few limitations to this research. First, despite of its nationally representativeness and comprehensiveness, the ARMS data do not contain details about farmers’ use of crop insurance, information such as the types of insurance, crops covered under insurance or the coverage level is not available. Therefore, only the farm-‐level insurance adoption dummy could be utilized. With more information, future analyses could be done at the crop level, and the impacts of different types of crop insurance might be distinguished so that the estimates are more accurate.
Second, this thesis only focuses on marketing contract use to represent farmers’ use of private-‐market risk management strategies. More risk management tools such as futures and options could be included in future work.
Lastly, some earlier studies suggest that farmers use forward contracts for price enhancement rather than protecting against price risks. (e.g., Musser & Patrick, 2002) These two different motivations to use marketing contracts are indistinguishable in this thesis. Given more information, it might be possible for further studies to distinguish between different objectives of forward contracting.
REFERENCES
Abbot, P.C., C. Hurt, and W.E. Tyner. “What’s Driving Food Prices in 2011?” Issue Report, Farm Foundation, 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.farmfoundation.org/news/articlefiles/1742-‐FoodPrices_web.pdf Agriculture Risk Management Team (ARMT) of The World Bank. “Weather Index
Insurance for Agriculture: Guidance for Development Practitioners.” Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper, The World Bank, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites/agriskmanagementforum.org/fi les/WEATHER%20INDEX%20INSURANCE%20FOR%20AGRICULTURE_WB_WII_ Paper_Nov_2011.pdf
Blumberg, L. J., L. Dubay, and S. A. Norton. 2000. "Did the Medicaid Expansions for Children Displace Private Insurance? an Analysis using the SIPP." Journal of Health Economics 19 (1): 33-‐60.
Brown, J. R., N. B. Coe, and Amy Einkelstein. 2007. "Medicaid Crowd-‐Out of Private Long-‐Term Care Insurance Demand: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey." NBER/Tax Policy & the Economy (MIT Press) 21 (1): 1-‐34.
Coble, K. H., R. G. Heifner, and M. Zuniga. 2000. "Implications of Crop Yield and Revenue Insurance for Producer Hedging." Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 25 (2): 432-‐452.
Coble, K. H., T. O. Knight, B. K. Goodwin, M. F. Miller, and R. M. Rejesus. “A Comprehensive Review of the RMA APH and COMBO Rating Methodology—Final Report.” RMA Publications, Risk Management Agency, United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.rma.usda.gov/pubs/2009/comprehensivereview.pdf
Coble, K. H., J. C. Miller, M. Zuniga, and R. Heifner. 2004. "The Joint Effect of Government Crop Insurance and Loan Programmes on the Demand for Futures Hedging." European Review of Agricultural Economics 31 (3): 309-‐330.
Coble, K. H., M. Zuniga, and R. Heifner. 2003. "Evaluation of the Interaction of Risk Management Tools for Cotton and Soybeans." Agricultural Systems 75 (2): 323. Cole, S. and B. Kirwan. 2009. "Between the Corporation and the Household:
Commodity Prices, Risk Management, and Agricultural Production in the United States." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91 (5): 1243-‐1249.
Collins, K. and H. Bulut. 2011. "Crop Insurance and the Future Farm Safety Net." Choices.the Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues 26 (4): unpaginated.
Cutler, D. M. and J. Gruber. 1996. "Does Public Insurance Crowd Out Private Insurance?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (2): 391-‐430.
Davis, T.D., G.F. Patrick, K.H. Coble, T.O. Knight, and A.E. Baquet. 2005. “Forward Pricing Behavior of Corn and Soybean Producers.” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 37(1):145-‐160.
Dubay, L. and G. Kenney. 1997. "Did Medicaid Expansions for Pregnant Women Crowd Out Private Coverage?" Health Affairs 16 (1): 185.
Franken, Jason R.V., Joost M. E. Pennings, and Philip Garcia. 2012. "Crop Production Contracts and Marketing Strategies: What Drives Their Use?" Agribusiness 28, no. 3: 324-‐340.
Glauber, J. W. 2013. "The Growth of the Federal Crop Insurance Program, 1990– 2011." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95 (2): 482-‐488.
Goodwin, B. K. 1993. "An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (2): 425.
Goodwin, B. K. and T. C. Schroeder. 1994. "Human Capital, Producer Education Programs, and the Adoption of Forward-‐Pricing Methods." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76 (4): 936.
Goodwin, B. K. and V. H. Smith. 2013. "What Harm is done by Subsidizing Crop Insurance?" American Journal of Agricultural Economics 95 (2): 489-‐497.
Irwin, S. H. and D. L. Good. 2009. "Market Instability in a New Era of Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Prices." Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm & Resource Issues 24 (1): 6-‐11.
Isengildina, O. and M. D. Hudson. 2001. "Cotton Producers' use of Selected Marketing Strategies." Journal of Cotton Science 5 (4): 206-‐217.
Katchova, A. L. and M. J. Miranda. 2004. "Two-‐Step Econometric Estimation of Farm Characteristics Affecting Marketing Contract Decisions." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86 (1): 88-‐102.
Knight, T. O. and K. H. Coble. 1997. "Survey of U.S. Multiple Peril Crop Insurance Literature since 1980." Review of Agricultural Economics 19 (1): 128-‐156.
MacDonald, J. M. and P. Korb. 2011. "Agricultural Contracting Update: Contracts in 2008." Economic Information Bulletin -‐ USDA Economic Research Service (72): 43 pp.
Mallory, M. L., X. Etienne and S. H. Irwin. 2012. “The Cost of Forward Contracting Corn and Soybeans in Volatile Markets” Working Papers. Retrieved from http://www.farmdoc.illinois.edu/irwin/research/CostForwardContractingCornS oybeans.pdf
Mishra, A. K. and H. S. El-‐Osta. 2002. "Managing Risk in Agriculture through Hedging and Crop Insurance: What does a National Survey Reveal?" Agricultural Finance Review 62 (2): 135-‐148.
Musser, W. N., G. F. Patrick, and D. T. Eckman. 1996. "Risk and Grain Marketing Behavior of Large-‐Scale Farmers." Review of Agricultural Economics 18 (1): 65-‐ 77.
Mahul, O. 2003. "Hedging Price Risk in the Presence of Crop Yield and Revenue Insurance." European Review of Agricultural Economics 30 (2): 217-‐239.
Murphy, B. “Federal Crop Insurance: A Program Update.” Crop Insurance Conference, Risk Management Agency (RMA), United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. Retrieved from
http://www.rma.usda.gov/news/2011/09/insuranceupdate.pdf
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), United States Department of Agriculture.
http://www.nass.usda.gov
Patrick, G.F., W.N. Musser, and D.T. Eckman. 1998. “Forward Marketing Practices and Attitudes of Large-‐Scale Midwestern Grain Producers.” Review of Agricultural Economics 20(1): 38-‐53.
Paulson, Nicholas D., Ani L. Katchova, and Sergio H. Lence. 2010. "An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Marketing Contract Structures for Corn and Soybeans." Journal Of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 8, no. 1: 1-‐23. Pennings, J. M. E. and P. Garcia. 2004. "Hedging Behavior in Small and Medium-‐Sized
Enterprises: The Role of Unobserved Heterogeneity." Journal of Banking & Finance 28 (5): 951.
Pennings, J.M.E., O. Isengildina, S.H. Irwin, and D.L. Good. 2004. “The Impact of Market Advisory Service Recommendations on Producers' Marketing Decisions.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 29(2):308-‐327.
Poitras, G. 1993. "Hedging and Crop Insurance." Journal of Futures Markets 13 (4): 373-‐388.
Rask, K. N. and K. J. Rask. 2000. "Public Insurance Substituting for Private Insurance: New Evidence regarding Public Hospitals, Uncompensated Care Funds, and Medicaid." Journal of Health Economics 19 (1): 1-‐31.
Risk Management, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-‐practices-‐management/risk-‐ management/risk-‐management-‐strategies.aspx#.UZf0yCt4a-‐2
Risk Management Agency (RMA), United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.rma.usda.gov
Schnitkey, G. “Coverage Level Choice on Farm Level Revenue Insurance by Illinois Farmers.” Farmdoc Daily, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-‐Champaign, 2011. Retrieved from
http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2011/09/coverage-‐level-‐choice-‐on-‐farm-‐1.html Shapiro, B. I. and B. W. Brorsen. 1988. "Factors Affecting Farmers' Hedging
Decisions." North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 10 (2): 145-‐153. Shields, D. A. “Federal Crop Insurance: Background.” CRS Report for Congress,
Congressional Research Service, 2010, 2012. Retrieved from http://nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/R40532.pdf
Shields, D. A., J. Monke, and R. Schnepf. “Farm Safety Net Programs: Issues for the Next Farm Bill.” CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/R41317.pdf
Shore-‐Sheppard, L. 2008. "Stemming the Tide? The Effect of Expanding Medicaid Eligibility on Health Insurance Coverage." B.E.Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy 8 (2): 1-‐33.
Tomek, W. G. and H. H. Peterson. 2001. "Risk Management in Agricultural Markets: A Review." Journal of Futures Markets 21 (10): 953-‐985.
Turvey, C. G. and T. G. Baker. 1990. "A Farm-‐Level Financial Analysis of Farmers' use of Futures and Options Under Alternative Farm.." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72 (4): 946.
Velandia, M., R. M. Rejesus, T. O. Knight, and B. J. Sherrick. 2009. "Factors Affecting Farmers' Utilization of Agricultural Risk Management Tools: The Case of Crop Insurance, Forward Contracting, and Spreading Sales." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41 (1): 107-‐123.
Yazici, E. Y. and R. Kaestner. 2000. "Medicaid Expansions and the Crowding Out of Private Health Insurance among Children." The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing 37 (1): 23-‐32.
Zulauf, C., G. Schnitkey, and A. Barnaby. “List of Alternatives Being Discussed to Reduce Farm Premium Subsidies in Crop Insurance.” Farmdoc Daily, Department of Agriculture and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-‐ Champaign, 2013. Retrieved from
http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2013/02/list-‐of-‐alternatives.html