Limitations

The workshop was challenging for many reasons: the complexity of the subject versus the short time to convey it for the girls, taking into account their age.

Moreover, we did not have either smartphones or tablets for the participants to use, which is crucial for the goals of this research. The original idea for the trainings was to ask the participants to produce a local story about a place in Austin and take a picture of the respective place. However, I understood in the first day that that would not be possible, because of their limitations regarding their age and the short time we had. Memory and old pictures then became an alternative I had to fall back on.

Ultimately, this study was better taken as a pilot study that helped us to frame the research more in terms of context, such as the way we are putting it: among and about Latinos/as.

Second Fieldwork and procedures: River City Youth Foundation

Unlike the fieldwork with Latinitas, which was more based on participant-observation, this case study combined more techniques of ethnography such as participant observation, fieldnotes, informal and in-depth interviews. This case study also involved a steady one-month and half workshop, focusing on the production of locative stories by lower income, less educated, largely Spanish-speaking only Hispanic migrants, mostly women, in Austin, Texas. The participants were invited to write stories about places in Dove Springs, which could be based on personal memory, recent historical events, or current facts. They were encouraged to write and take pictures of places with which they had strong connections. In order to do so, I collaborated with the neighborhood-based non-profit organization called River City Youth Foundation (RCYF). It was explained in the previous chapter.

The case study was carried out specifically within the scope and timeframe of TechComunidad in 2013, a program that began in March 2012 with a kick-off event that has since then engaged hundreds of pre-selected high-need parents and youth for digital learning day. The program includes Spanish language-only training for parents and STEM-based computer skills development for youth. The program continues with a series of mandatory follow-up TechComunidad training days. The TechCommunidad Kick-Off event is essential and required to be accepted in the digital inclusion program, as parents are given a certificate at the end of the day for completion. The kick-off day training is used as a springboard for what is to come for parents in the following weeks. Families that wish to be involved have to prove that they are below a certain income level, and have relatively little access to computers or Internet technology.

Oné Musel-Gilley, the founder of TechComunidad program and Public Relations of RCYF has once said in an informal interview that they need to select the

"poor of the poorest" for TechComunidad. The general goal of the TechComunidad is to close an educational gap in Dove Springs by empowering parents in this community who lack technology access and the basic computer skills to guide their children’s education from pre-K to college and career.

RCYF was chosen as a partner, among other reasons, because of the originality of the TechComunidad program, which besides offering both parent education and technology training with a cultural approach, participants are granted with digital mobile devices (e.g.: tablets in 2012, 2013, and chromebooks in 2014, 2015) aiming to immediately improve their participants lives and of their community. In this sense, the aspect of investing in mobile media to bridge the digital divide showed itself as a great research opportunity to explore locative media, the segregation of the hybrid space among underserved communities. In fact, the organization allowed me to add a great deal of content in the training about mobile media and locative media, in order to teach these parents how to take advantage of a smartphone, as I will explain in the section "procedures" further.

In order to provide more background about the TechComunidad program, it is important to say that the training addresses basic terminology about Internet (e.g.:

browser, search engines, difference between Internet and Web). TechComunidad also required participants to create an email, learn basics about Microsoft Word, and learn

how to use mobile technologies (e.g.: applications and how to download them). Oné Musel-Gilley says that the ultimate goals of TechComunidad are: 1) for parents to have complete mastery of email and 2) for parents to know how to utilize search engines. TechComunidad also puts a lot of energy into broader parent education about how to help their children and have better prospects for work and social inclusion.

The training also addresses real needs such as understanding how the U.S.

educational system works, how to find scholarships for college students, how to access the Parent Connect program of the AISD (Austin Independent School District) in order to communicate with the school’s teachers and track kids’ homework, and how to find health-related information. In an informal interview conducted by the researcher on June 22 2013, Oné Musel-Gilley said that although RCYF has been providing technology training with a structured computer lab on site for nearly two decades, TechComunidad has marked a new focus for the organization on parent technology training, Wi-Fi access, and family learning.

RCYF agreed to let me to use the last 15 minutes of a two hours TechComunidad training, to introduce the participants to the concept of locative media and to teach them how to write locative stories focused on places and memories in Dove Springs. The fieldstudy started with an “Orientation Script for TechComunidad Training” on September 30, 2013. RCYF’s main facility in Dove Springs is where the classes took place and the first author trained the participants along with two more instructors, employees of the organization. The workshop had two shifts: morning and evenings. In total, the classes had 12 participants: four in the morning group and eight in the evening one.

The two instructors and the researcher, all fluent Spanish speakers, conducted the technology training entirely in Spanish. Regarding the mobile and locative part of the course, or in other words, the research setting of this study, participants were first introduced to tablets and smartphones as tools to enhance everyday life. In order to do that, the researcher showed examples of mobile applications that enable one to use camera to do things beyond taking pictures, such as Camscanner, HeartBeat Instant Rate, and QRcodes readers. They were also showed about how “location” has been used in applications, such as Foursquare, Trulia, UrbanSpoon. Afterwards, in a second session, I showed them my own channel on the application Historypin and an

example of a locative story geotagged by me on the map of the city where I was born (see Appendix I and II). Thus, the concept of place-based stories was introduced to the participants. Furthermore, I discussed with the participants the pros and cons of sharing location on their phones, and also privacy concerns. Overall, the participants were taught how to turn on or of their location disclosure request on their smartphones.

Most of the participants were women. Out of 12, only two were men. The classes were two hours long and introduced participants to mobile/locative media during the last 10-20 minutes of each class. At the end of the training, I was able to create a three-hour class, one for the morning group and one for the evening group, to teach students about locative media and instruct them how to create a locative story.

When not teaching, I was providing assistance to the participants as a volunteer. The participants were parents who had been granted in 2012 with tablets by RCYF and had been trained during the one-day event called TechComunidad.

For the workshop, we used mainly two devices: laptops and tablets, owned by RCYF. Participants also used their own smartphones to look at or download applications, and send photos via email, to accomplish tasks.

Since its launch in 2012, TechComunidad has been focused on the spread and diffusion of digital mobile devices such as tablets. It is interesting, however, to note that the program parents did not use the tablets they were granted with. Based on a household survey undertaken by RCYF in Summer 2013, 70% of the parents who were given tablets in 2012 said that they had never used the device they were given.

However, their children did. These parents were the participants of the workshop about locative media/locative storytelling that was taught by the researcher in 2013 for the purpose of this research. Perhaps one of the reasons they did not use the device was the fact that it was a tablet called Coby Kyros, supported by Android operating system, but without a Playstore, the application in which Android users download applications. The fact that the parents were not able to download new apps may have complicated or limited the daily use of the tablet.

The participants were invited to write stories about places in Dove Springs.

These stories could be based on personal memory, recent historical events, or current facts. They were encouraged to write and take or retrieve photos of places with which

they had strong connections. Rather than focusing on the quality of user-generated content, the goal of the training was to encourage the production of locative content and incite value of the stories among disadvantaged people - in this case lower income, less educated, largely Spanish-speaking only Hispanic migrants, mostly women - would have access to cutting-edge technologies and the opportunity of having individual mentorship to benefit fully from those technologies to their everyday lives. It is important to stress that our goal with training was to expose low-income Latino/a communities to locative media and locative storytelling, and observe their impressions about those new mobile technologies and ways of storytelling to increase their sense of place.

Only the participants, who were able to write, take a picture of a place, upload and geotag their stories on the map of Austin were interviewed. I chose to interview only the participants who were able to accomplish the final task, because I draw on Lindlof & Taylor (2010) who suggest that “a researcher should recruit particular persons for interviews because they have had experiences that are vital to our research questions or because they possess specific kinds of knowledge, or because the stories they have to tell” (p. 111). That said, five women, one man, and one couple, ranging in age from 34 to 64, participated in the training. Except for one, all the interviews were conducted in Spanish by the author. As mentioned before, these interviews were semi-structured and focused on how participants understand places, how they learn about them, the overall experience of writing a story, and the usage of mobile devices to learn about local knowledge.

Third Fieldwork and procedures: Mapping Latino Culture in East Austin

This case study was undertaken in the context of Prof. Straubhaar’s undergraduate Radio-Television-Film course "Mapping Latino Culture in East Austin" at the University of Texas in the Spring 2014. The course had as a goal to provide the students with a better understanding of media issues about traditional, ethnic and digital media use, social inclusion efforts in Austin, and migration from Latin America, Asia and elsewhere to the U.S. in both theoretical and concrete local terms.

Having this as a goal, this research was divided into different steps: First, the students learned about Austin from reading about the history of segregation in the city, and from looking at visualizations on maps with information overlaid that illustrated how segregation was produced over time.

Second, the students were assigned to read several articles and documents about locative media. After that, on February 18 2014, we introduced the concept of locative media with the students in class, in which we discussed the plethora of terminologies such as: locative storytelling, location-based games, location-based services, location-based social networks, privacy concerns and possible benefits of location technologies. Since we assumed that the students were not familiar with the concept, we expected that the lecture would introduce more value in the task of creating locative stories and instill curiosity in exploring other location-based applications. In this context, the students had to do readings at home and respond to quizzes about what they read in the first 10 minutes of each class.

Third, the students learned how to use Historypin, set up the account and use

"Mapping Austin memories", an account on Historypin we created for the project.

Fourth, the students were assigned to create three different locative stories, which we called "pins" - as shown in the rubric below. The first pin, which was focused on The Tejano Walking Trail, was mostly designed to get the students accustomed to Historypin before they were asked to go off and do their own research. The Walking Trail's sites were already mapped out, and were available in paper brochures or online. This first pin did not much require too much of the students in terms of content, because they could copy and paste what the brochure said about the sites with an original photo they took onto Historypin. This was also designed to benefit the Tejano Walking Trail initiative by mapping their sites onto a locative media site. That said, the goal here was to encourage students to visit the sites in the existing Walking Trail, which are in the Latino area of East Austin. They also had to create one historical pin and one modern pin of their own choice.

After the accomplishment of these tasks, fourteen students, half of the class, were encouraged to be interviewed about their experience of using a locative application to tell a story about a place and receive extra-credit in the class. The semi-structured interview was about how participants understand place, if they consume

local information, how they understand locative media, how they learn about local places, and finally how they move around a city.

Mapping Austin Memories: Historypin project

Name: _________________________________________________

Pin #1: Tejano Trail

_________ out of 2 points

Based on completion of the pin according to assignment requirements (photo

posted, information about the site available through trail information provided).

Pin # 2: Contemporary

_________ out of 2 points

Based on completion of the pin according to assignment requirements (photo of the

site, accurate info provided, relevant to contemporary Austin).

_________ out of 1 point

Based on writing quality (grammar, logic, style, etc.).

_________ out of 1 point

Based on creativity and stylistic quality of the subject matter (was the pin

interesting, engaging, or original? Was the subject matter substantial?

Pin # 3: Historical

_________ out of 2 points

Based on completion of the pin according to assignment requirements (photo of the

site, accurate info provided, relevant to the history of Austin).

_________ out of 1 point

Based on writing quality (grammar, logic, style, etc.).

_________ out of 1 point

Based on creativity and stylistic quality of the subject matter (was the pin

interesting, engaging, or original? Was the subject matter substantial?)

Total:

_________ out of 10 points

Grading the assignment

Each student was required to visit, observe, photograph and describe several sites important in Latino or African American culture in Austin, using Historypin, a Google Maps-based locative culture and history mapping site or app. Historypin was an easy-to-use tool that students used to upload their locative stories. This was be 15% of the total grade. The quizzes, which throughout the classes we called "pins"

were also graded. After producing a story with a picture, the students had to upload the stories to Historypin.

To accomplish the first pin, we used as an initial source of locations the map of the public initiative Tejano Walking Trail, which is an attempt to create a greater

public awareness and valuation of Latino or Tejano culture in Austin. Thus, the trail highlights changes that started in Austin in the 1920s, with formal segregation of Black Austinites and informal segregation of Latinos in a new city plan in 1928 (Straubhaar, Spence, Tufekci, & Lentz, 2012).

Instructors chose assigning students to visit locations and to write locative stories related to Latino heritage and cultures. This was an approach to help us to understand the outcomes of locative media and locative storytelling in diminishing the effects of the segregation of the hybrid space. This case study also aimed to understand to what extent residents have knowledge about their locality and how locative media may help them to connect with the place where they live via history.

One of the practical merits of this case study is to have encouraged college students to walk in a culture that is quite car-oriented. The course’s goal matched with this research, because it aimed to engage the students with parts of the city they were not familiar with, and where disadvantage people live and they do not. This is why I framed this case study as covering the "about" side of Latinos/as in Austin.

That said, one of the central goals of this case study was to highlight and create awareness, among the college students, of the geography of segregation in Austin via locative storytelling with a focus on history of Latinos at the East side of Austin. I worked on this with Professor Joseph Straubhaar, who was planning on discussing the history of segregation in Austin through maps and was looking for innovative ways to map aspects of Latino culture in Austin. By doing this, our aim was to inquire how the students perceive locative media, how they perceive the locality where they live, and how local information plays a role in their involvement with the locality. In order to investigate the research questions, I analyze qualitatively the experience of the students being exposed to the locative media technologies for the first time and creating locative storytelling.

Although it was not our primary goal, this study also functioned as a tester of the public initiative Tejano Walking Trail to preserve history and cultural heritage.

The East Cesar Chavez Neighborhood Tejano Healthy Walking Trail is 4.95 miles long and takes about 2 ½ hours to walk. The locations included schools, libraries, churches, residences, and historic homes. The trail was created by the East Cesar Chavez Neighborhood Planning Team and funded by the City of Austin’s Neighborhood Enhancement Fund, with the aid of 30 volunteers. There are two trails.

The Trail of Tejano Music Legends, created by the Austin Latino Music Association, points out music legends from the 40s and 50s. The second route is the Tejano Healthy Walking Trail, which includes historic structures like the Austin National Fish Hatchery. The National Parks Service has designated both trails as national recreation trails.

The Tejano Walking Trail is an attempt to create a greater public awareness and valuation of Latino or Tejano culture in Austin. It builds on changes that started

The Tejano Walking Trail is an attempt to create a greater public awareness and valuation of Latino or Tejano culture in Austin. It builds on changes that started