• No results found

1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 Limitations/Future Directions

Data regarding the Foraminifera for this study could have been greatly improved given a greater

timespan for research and more experience. While increasing total populations of Elphidium and Am-

monia, as well as the presence of Globigerinida offered up good corroborating evidence for the pres- ence of paleohurricanes in this record, heavier sampling in areas both where paleohurricanes seem to have occurred and where they haven’t would greatly benefit not only the quality of evidence for these events, but perhaps the resolution as well. Heavier sampling and more careful examination of foramini- fers under a scanning electron microscope may reveal more genera than identified here, which could allow future researchers to more clearly see when paleohurricane events altered the normal foraminifer counts, perhaps more exactly when these interruptions occurred. In addition, more indicator taxa like Globigerinida may help further evidence said cyclone activity.

Additional evidence could also be provided by the collection of more cores around the SCVC 03 location, as well as by obtaining more dates for SCVC 02 and SCVC 01 in order to better corroborate pos- sible paleohurricane events across cores. Given that sand or mud layers that appear that have been caused by cyclone activity in SCVC 03 show up in several cores in areas that appear to be from the same time period, the current record may for St. Catherines Island may become even clearer.

7 REFERENCES

AOML (2010). HURDAT, AOML Hurricane Research Division webpage. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2010.html

Armstrong, H. A., and M. D. Brasier. 2005. Microfossils. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Bishop, G. A., B. K. Meyer, R. K. Vance, and F. J. Rich. 2011. Geoarchaeological

research at St. Catherines Island: defining the geological foundation. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 94:79-97.

Bishop, G. A., D. H. Thomas, M. C. Sanger, B. K. Meyer, R. K. Vance, R. K. Booth, F. J.

Rich, D. B. Potter, and T. Keith-Lucas. 2011. Vibracores and vibracore transects: constraining the geological and cultural history of St. Catherines Island. Anthropological Papers of the American Mu- seum of Natural History. 94:183-207.

Bjarnadottir, S., Y. Li, and M. G. Stewart. 2011. Social vulernability index for coastal

communities to hurricane hazard and a changing climate. Natural Hazards. 59:1055-1075. Boldt, K. V., P. Lane, J. D. Woodruff, and J. P. Donelly. 2010. Calibrating a sedimentary

record of overwash from southeastern New England using modeled historic hurricane surges. Ma- rine Geology 275:127-139.

Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster, and M. Fluet. 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64:369-400.

Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin, and D. R. Foster. 1997. Reconstructing historical

hurricanes in New England. In Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meterology, 388-89. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Boose, E. R., K. E. Chamberlin, and D. R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico. Ecological Monographs 64:369-400.

& K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (99-120). New York: Colum- bia University Press.

Cushman, J. A. 1950. Foraminifera. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Chan, J. C. L. 2004. Variations in the activity of tropical cyclones over the western

North Pacific: from interdecadal to intraseasonal. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (269-296). New York: Columbia University Press.

Chu, P. 2004. ENSO and Tropical Cyclone Activity. In R. J. Murnane & K. B.

Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (297-332). New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press.

Done, J., A. Hu, E. C. Farmer, J. Yin, S. Bates, A. B. Frappier, D. J. Halkides, K. H.

Kilbourne, R. Sriver, and J. Woodruff. 2009. The thermohaline circulation and tropical cyclones in past, present, and future climates. American Meteorological Society. 1015-10017.

Donnelly, J. P., Butler, J., Roll, S., Wengren, M., and Webb, T. 2004. A backbarrier overwash record of intense storms from Brigantine, New Jersey. Marine Geology. 210:107-121.

Donnelly, J. P., and T. Webb III. 2004. Back-barrier Sedimentary Records of Intense

Hurricane Landfalls in the Northeastern United States. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (58-95). New York: Columbia University Press.

Donnelly, J. P, and Woodruff J. D. 2007. Intense hurricane activity over the past 5,000 years controlled by El Nino and the West African Monsoon. Nature. 447:465-468.

Durham, R. S., and D. H. Thomas. 1978. The history of St. Catherines Island after 1684. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 55:210-243. Eamon, C. D., P. Fitzpatrick, and D. D. Truax. 2007. Observations of structural damage

caused by Hurricane Katrina on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. 21:117-127.

Elsner, J. B., and B. H. Bossak. 2004. Hurricane landfall probability and climate. In R.

J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (333-353). New York: Columbia University Press.

Elsner, J. B., T. H. Jagger, and K. Liu. 2008. Comparison of hurricane return levels using

historical and geological records. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 47:368-374. Emmanuel, K. 2004. Response of tropical cyclone activity to climate change:

theoretical basis. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (397-). New York: Columbia University Press.

Emmanuel, K., R. Sundararajan, and J. Willams. 2008. Hurricane and global warming:

results from downscaling IPCC AR4 simulations. American Meteorological Society. 89:347-367. Emmanuel, K. 2011. Global warming effects on U.S. hurricane damage. American

Meteorological Society. 3:261-268.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1995a. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part I, 1851-1870. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1995b. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part II, 1871- 1880. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fernández-Partagás, J., and H. F. Diaz. 1996a. Atlantic hurricanes in the second half of the nineteenth century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77:2899-906.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1996b. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part III, 1881- 1890. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1996c. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part IV, 1891- 1900. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1997. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part V, 1901- 1908. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Fernández-Partagás, J, and H. F. Diaz 1999. A reconstruction of historical tropical

cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources. Part VI, 1909- 1910. Boulder, Colo.: Climate Diagnostics Center, Environmental Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Frappier, A., T. Knutson, K. Liu, and K. Emanuel. 2007. Perspective: coordinating

paleoclimate research on tropical cyclones with hurricane-climate theory and modeling. Tellus. 59A:529-537.

Gilbert, F., S. Hulth, V. Grossi, J. Poggiale, G. Desrosiers, R. Rosenberg, M. Gerino, F. Franciois-Carcaillet, E. Michaud, G. Stora. 2007. Sediment reworking by marine benthic species from the Gullmar Fjord (Western Sweden): importance of faunal biovolume. Journal of Experimental Marine Biol- ogy and Ecology. 348:133-144.

from coastal propagule banks. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 437:1-11.

Goldstein, S. T. 1988. Foraminifera of relict salt marsh deposits, St. Catherines Island, Georgia: taphonic implications. PALAIOS. 3:327-334.

Goldstein, S. T., and G. T. Watkins. 1998. Elevation and the distribution of salt-marsh

foraminifera, St. Catherines Island, Georgia: a taphonomic approach. PALAIOS. 13:570-580. Goldstein, S. T., G. T. Watkins, and R. M. Kuhn. 1995. Microhabitats of salt marsh

Foraminifera: St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA. Marine Micropaleontology. 24:17-29. Hawkes, A. D., and B. P. Horton. 2012. Sedimentary record of storm deposits from

Hurricane Ike, Galveston and San Luis Islands, Texas. Geomorphology. 171-172:180-189. Herrera R. C., F. R. Duran, D. Wheeler, E. H. Martin, M. R. Prieto, and L. Gimeno. 2004.

The use of spanish and british documentary sources in the investigation of atlantic hurricane inci- dence in historical times. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Pre- sent, and Future. (149-176). New York: Columbia University Press.

Hippensteel, S. P. 2011. Spatio-lateral continuity of hurricane deposits in back-barrier marshes. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 123:2277-2294.

Hippensteel., S. P., R. E. Martin, and M. Scott Harris. 2005. Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedminetological evidence, with com- parison to other Atlantic Coast records: Discussion. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 117:250-253.

Horton, B. P., V. Rossi, A. D. Hawkes. 2009. The sedimentary record of the 2005

hurricane season from the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines. Quaternary International. 195:15- 30.

nifera: lessons from the British Isles. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Pub- lication. 40:1-97.

Jones, G. D. 1978. The ethnohistory of the guale coast through 1684. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 55:178-210.

Kiage, L. M., D. Deocampo, T. A. McCloskey, T. A. Bianchette, and M. Hursey. 2011. A

1900-year paleohurricane record from Wassaw Island, Georgia, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 26: 714-722.

Knutson, T. R., R. E. Tuleya, and Y. Kurihara. 1998. Simulated increase of hurricane intensities in a CO2-warmed climate. Science. 279:1018-1020.

Landsea, C. W., C. Anderson, N. Charles, G. Clark, J. Dunion, H. Fernandez-Partagas, P.

Hungerford, C. Neumann, and M. Zimmer. 2004. The Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis Project: documentation for 1851-1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (175-221). New York: Colum- bia University Press.

Lane, P., J. P. Donnelly, J. D. Woodruff, and A. D. Hawkes. 2011. A decadally-resolved

paleohurricane record archived in the late Holocene sediments of a Florida sinkhole. Marine Geolo- gy. 287:14-30.

Larson, C. L., and D. H. Thomas. 1978. The prehistory of St. Catherines Island.

Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 55:172-178. Liu, K. B., and M. L. Fearn. 2000. Reconstruction of prehistoric landfall frequencies of

catastrophic Hurricanes in northwestern Florida from lake sediment records. Quaternary Research 54:238-245.

lake sediments. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Fu- ture. (175-221). New York: Columbia University Press.

Loeblich, A. R., and H. Tappan. 1988. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Louie K., and K. Liu. 2004. Ancient records of typhoons in Chinese historical

documents. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (222-248). New York: Columbia University Press.

Malakoff, D. 2012. Scientists assess damage from Sandy’s deadly punch. Science. 338:728-729.

Mann, M. E., J. D. Woodruff, J. P. Donnelly, and Z. Zhang. 2009. Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1,500 years. Nature. 460:880-883.

McCloskey, T. A., and G. Keller. 2009. 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize. Quaternary International. 195:53-56.

McCloskey, T. A., and K. Liu. 2012a. A 7000 year record of paleohurricane activity from a coastal wetland in Belize. The Holocene. 23:278-291.

McCloskey, T. A., and K. Liu. 2012b. A sedimentary-based history of hurricane strikes on the southern Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. Quaternary Research. 78:454-464. Meyer, B. K. 2013. Shoreline dynamics and environmental change under the modern

marine transgression: St. Catherines Island, Georgia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.

Mock, C. J. 2004. Tropical cyclone reconstructions from documentary records:

examples for South Carolina. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Pre- sent, and Future. (121-148). New York: Columbia University Press.

and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (1-10). New York: Columbia University Press. Murnane, R. J. 2004b. The importance of best-track data for understanding the past,

present, and future of hurricanes and typhoons. In R. J. Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (249-266). New York: Columbia University Press.

Phleger, F. B. 1960. Ecology and distribution of recent Foraminifera. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins Press.

Reese, C. A., T. P. Strange, W. D. Lynch, and K. B. Liu. 2008. Geologic evidence of

Hurricane Katrina recovered from the Pearl Marsh, MS/LA. Journal of Coastal Research. 24:1601- 1607.

Rollins, H. B., K. Beratan, and J. E. Pottinger. Role of storm events in Beach Ridge

Formation, St. Catherines Island. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural Histo- ry. 94:151-159.

“Sea Islands Overwhelmed.” The New York Times, September 3, 1893.

Sandrik, A., and C. W. Landsea. 2003. Chronological listing of tropical cyclones affecting North Florida

and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/

Sun, H., M. Nelson, F. Chen, and J. Husch. 2009. Soil mineral structural water loss during loss on ignition analyses. Canadian Journal of Science. 89:603-610.

Vitart, F. 2004. Dynamical seasonal forecasts of tropical storm statistics. In R. J.

Murnane & K. B. Liu (Eds.), Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future. (354-392). New York: Columbia University Press.

Williams, H. F. L. 2009. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and microfossil content of Hurricane Rita storm surge deposits in Southwest Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research. 25:1041-1051.

prograding beach ridge plain, southwestern Louisiana. Marine Geology. 336:170-183. Wirth, K. 2012. X-ray fluoresence. Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis webpage.

http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRF.html Woodruff, J. D., J. P. Donnelly, D. Mohrig, and W. R. Geyer. 2008. Reconstructing

relative flooding intensities responsible for hurricane-induced desposits from Laguna Playa Grande, Vieques, Puerto Rico. Geology 36:391-394.

World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org

Zhao, M., and I. M. Held. 2010. An analysis of global warming on the intensity of

Related documents