Chapter 7 –Synthesis of Empirical Results and Conclusion
7.3 The limitations of this study and the directions of further research
The following describe the limitations of this study and potential areas of further research: 1. Whilst a single case study may help by providing more detailed information than a larger
scale study, its results cannot be generalized since the location and type of house and its occupancy pattern are highly specific. Therefore, a larger sample study is required in order to generate results that might be considered sufficient for the creation of policy strategies and development targets.
2. Due to the large number of variables concerning energy performance across the whole UK housing stock, the results of any study must involve great uncertainties, even though a sensitivity analysis of these monitoring results for different house types and households
8213 6358 3960 3134 2449 461 Solar thermal Windows and
155
can be used to counteract these uncertainties and risks by suggesting worst, best and median case scenarios.
3. The results gained from monitoring the study house were compared to the predicted SAP and PHPP results, which are commonly used in assessing the performance of sustainable buildings. Comparisons of various parameters revealed large discrepancies between the measured and the SAP predicted energy performances. Whilst SAP, which is used for evaluating and certifying building performance against building regulations, is at the core of Government policy for identifying and assessing the energy upgrading needs of the UK’s building stock, further research regarding the reasons for the discrepancies described earlier will be essential.
4. The results indicated inadequate ventilation and poor IAQ for the test house after refurbishment. Most of the work done on IAQ concerns non-domestic buildings. However, since houses will be more airtight in future, it is also important to consider the IAQ of domestic buildings, especially in rooms, such as bedrooms, where children and elderly people are likely to spend a good deal of time. Up-to-date monitoring data will help to assess the necessary measurements concerning CO2 concentrations, humidity,
temperature and times of closing or opening windows. These data will help develop more accurate IAQ and occupant profiles for future modelling studies.
7.4 Conclusion
If the UK is to meet its CO2 emissions reduction targets then it is essential that the energy
efficiency of the existing housing stock is greatly improved through eco-refurbishment. Such a programme of refurbishment represents huge environmental and economic challenges, and questions relating to suitable construction techniques, the success of the applied measures, the comfort and IAQ levels in refurbished dwellings and the monetary and carbon cost paybacks need to be addressed. At the same time, refurbishment should not expose occupants to an increased risk of summer overheating in the coming decades of climate change.
This study has attempted to investigate some of these issues through a detailed analysis of a common but challenging dwelling type – the terraced house. The property was located in Liverpool, which has a climate that can be thought of as being more representative of much of England compared to that of London, which is frequently chosen for thermal studies involving energy performance, thermal comfort and climate change. It was a great benefit to
156
the study that the chosen property was a highly monitored example from the Retrofit for the
Future programme.
The key conclusions from this study are that retrofitting even a hard to treat house such as a 19th century, solid wall terraced house is technically feasible and environmentally effective. For moderate UK climates, such as that experienced in Liverpool, such a retrofit programme does not come at the expense of a significant increased risk of overheating in the future. A near Passivhaus standard of refurbishment is not something that will commonly be attempted, and the economic analysis from this study shows that the payback periods for such an approach are not really viable. However, a broader analysis beyond just refurbishment costs versus energy savings that included factors such as health costs, climate change damage and energy supply security, might make elements of a Passivhaus type approach more economically attractive in the near future.
In terms of reducing building-related CO2 emissions the debate is not about whether
dwellings should be refurbished but, rather, what are the most efficient and effective ways of undertaking a retrofit programme for a variety of house types on a national scale. This study has attempted to contribute to and support the successful implementation of just such a programme.
157
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