DOC SEARLS
Public:
I Water (wells, reservoirs, distribution systems, dikes and levees).
I Streets, roads, highways and bridges.
I Waste water treatment.
I Garbage disposal (mostly landfills).
Mixed public and private:
I Garbage collection and recycling.
I Electric power generation and distribution.
Private:
I Telephony.
I Broadcasting.
I Cable TV.
We can argue about what belongs on the list and what doesn’t. But what’s clear is that we need public infrastructures to support civilization.
Public infrastructure is manufactured nature. Reservoirs are man-made lakes. Irrigation canals are man-made streams.
Waste treatment systems are man-made swamps. Roads and bridges are man-made geology. Power-generating plants are man-made systems for converting or extracting energy from nature. At their best, public infrastructures work as part of nature. Water capture, distribution and waste treatment should work inside the hydrologic cycle. Roads and bridges should conform to the supportive shapes and materials that make up the world’s lands and waters.
You can make money with public infrastructure, but that’s not infrastructure’s main purpose. What you want is to make money because of infrastructure. Roads, water and waste treatment are all built primarily to support economies other than their own, if they even have any. Even our electric and gas utilities are not in business to support only themselves.
They are in business because the rest of civilization can’t get along without them. Public infrastructures are so quietly sup-portive to civilization that most of us give no more thought to them than we give to gravity or sunlight.
The Net is quietly supportive too. It doesn’t advertise itself.
It only connects devices and carries bits. It reduces to zero the distance between any two devices, or any two individuals.
What we get billed for by phone and cable companies is access to the Net—not the Net itself.
I would argue that the Net is the most public infrastructure we’ve ever built, because it’s the first to build on human nature. To illustrate this, Figure 1 is a diagram of civilization, borrowed from the Long Now Foundation.
I’ve shown this before, but I think it’s important to show it again, because it shows how each layer supports the one above it, allowing the higher layer to move faster.
Let’s look at the case of Linux, which grew out of the need to develop tools and building materials that are useful to everybody, rather than to just one company. This universality of purpose is what makes Linux infrastructural. The natural way Linux (and other open-source tools and building materials) grows also resembles that of a species. Here’s how I explained this in a report last year:
Kernel development is not about Moore’s Law. It’s about natural selection, which is reactive, not proactive. Every patch to the kernel is adaptive, responding to changes in the environment as well as to internal imperatives toward general improvements on what the species is and does.
The species-like nature of FOSS (free and open-source soft-ware) is organized by community development culture, which gives rise to self-governance within communities—along with licensing that makes infrastructural choices as solid and useful as possible to commerce, to markets, to entire economies.
Thus, infrastructure arises out of, and builds upon, the best of human nature.
All this was clearly evident last November, when I walked around the exhibition hall at ISPCON. Dozens of infrastructure deployment businesses (mostly selling local and regional wire-less Internet equipment) built their systems on Linux. When some of folks at the booths saw Linux Journal on my badge, they wanted to tell me how they put Linux to use. In other cases, I had to ask. Usually the answer was “Oh, sure.” It was like asking if they wore clothes. The answer was that obvious.
Linux became ubiquitous because experts put it to use.
Experts discovered the benefits quickly, and expertise around Linux eventually became a premium skill set. Jakob Frederiksen of Indienet.dk told me that Linux talent was cheap five years ago, but expensive today. (This is one more example of mak-ing money because of Linux rather than just with it.)
“All the significant trends start with technologists”, Mark Andreessen told me 11 years ago (when Netscape open-sourced Mozilla). He also said, “Technologists are driving progress, and it’s easier to drive with Linux than with anything else.”
There is a lag between what technologists do first, and what the rest of us do later—especially when what technolo-gists do is not strictly commercial, yet is deeply supportive of commercial activity. The way nature, culture, governance and infrastructure all support commerce is not apparent at the commercial level. Nor is the way commerce contributes back to infrastructure as well. Yet we can be sure that the experi-ence of many Internet infrastructure builders in the world will contribute useful code to Linux and many other infrastructural building materials and tools.
Meanwhile, most business experts still don’t grok the infrastructural nature of the Net, even though they put it to
LINUX FOR SUITS
Figure 1. Diagram of Civilization (from the Long Now Foundation)
use every day. Like most of the rest of us, they’re still stuck in the Net’s equivalent of the 1880s, when electric power was just beginning to replace gas, and most people understood electricity in terms of its primary use, which was light. Even today, many electric utilities still carry the surname
“Power & Light”. DC vs. AC was the Cable vs. Telco of its day.
In the long run, we learned to separate power from light—or, in modern parlance, transport from applications. As Bob Frankston puts it, “Edison origi-nally sold light, but we now buy electricity and create our own lighting.”
Today the equivalent of “light” for most of us is a combination of e-mail and Web browsing. A guy selling business-grade Internet service for our local cable company (Cox Communications) told me recently that most new busi-ness Internet customers use the Net to connect retail point-of-sale devices, and to do a combination of e-mail and browsing in their offices. They haven’t discovered the full potential of high-speed symmetrical Internet service.
Of course, the carriers have hardly given any of us the chance. They have ignored the fact that the Net was designed in the first place as a symmetrical system, with equally fast and unencumbered upstream and downstream con-nections and speeds. As a result, almost none of us with a home or low-end business connection has ever experienced symmetrical service. The carriers opti-mized their systems from the beginning to anticipate and support consump-tion, not production. Moreover, business customers were charged a premium, just like they’ve always been charged premiums for “business” telephone and cable TV service.
Now let’s talk about cost.
Fiber isn’t free, but it’s generally cheaper than the cost of planting it underground or hanging it from poles, and it’s getting
cheaper every day. More important, each strand can carry gigabits of data. The “first cost” of the Net, once fiber is installed, is blinking light. Routers, amplifiers and other infrastructural gear cost money to buy and to run, but the costs of the connections themselves are basically zero. And fiber cabling doesn’t deteriorate with use. That’s because there is no physical difference between fiber that’s “dark”
and fiber that’s “lit”. Light does dim over distance, but it doesn’t encounter the same degrading resistance that elec-trons meet as they pass through copper wiring. Fiber optic signals also emit no side radiation along the cabling. So, it’s also about as “green” as a technology can get.
Wireless deployments are cheaper than fiber (no need to trench or hang cabling), and are capable of spanning distances where fiber deployments are impractical or impossible (such as across canyons of the Southwest US).
But in both cases, the investments are highly durable, far less costly than most highway, water and waste treatment projects, and hugely supportive of countless activities, and markets of every sort.
The top price for FTTx (fiber to the whatever) that I’ve heard so far is about $2,500 per “drop”. This is about the same price you’ll pay for a big flat TV screen that will be obsolete in three years, if not less. Meanwhile FTTx will only improve in value.
What about funding? Bob Frankston says, “Financing fungible connectivity in the same way you might finance macadam makes sense. Financing streets based on being able to stop cars and demand protection money is very different.”
The problem with “triple play” for munis is that it puts them in direct competition with their local telephone and cable companies. Worse, it makes communities come up with a commercial “revenue model” for public infrastruc-ture. We don’t burden roads and water systems with rev-enue models that do anything more than cover the expenses of maintaining them. Why should we place that burden on the Net?
Because the only models we know are provided by phone and cable com-panies. Also because we want to pay off debts, and “triple play” seems like a good way. Unfortunately, by emulating the carriers we not only adopt their business models but also their mentality. “Triple play” sees only three ways of making business with the Net, rather than limitless ways of making money because of the Net. By building out the Net, we’re creating an ocean of con-nectivity, with frontage for everybody. The ocean’s job is to support every kind of use, every kind of traffic, every application, every business, equally.
Perhaps the best model for munis is the municipal electric utility. Jim Baller, one of the top lawyers specializing in muni build-outs, writes:
More than 2,000 municipal electric utilities have thrived over the last century, contributing greatly to the well-being of their communities and America as a whole. Another 1,000 communities established their own electric utilities and sold them to the private sector, having achieved their goal of avoiding being left behind in obtaining the benefits of electricity. In contrast to these 3,000 successful municipal-ities, thousands of communities that waited for the private sector to get around to them stagnated or became ghost towns.
We are at the same crossroads today—except that only one road is built, and we need to build the other road across it.I
Doc Searls is Senior Editor of Linux Journal. He is also a Visiting Scholar at the University of California at Santa Barbara and a Fellow with the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
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