Evolution of the C 30 Carotenoid Synthase CrtM for Function in a C40 Pathway
MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials
Hypotheses 3: Perceived cost will negatively have influenced the adoption of distributed management systems.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Data were collected based on random sampling of different geography location, primary data was used and was obtained through research questions and sampling techniques. The primary data was based on questionnaire pattern wish was distributed to 225 persons and 200 was returned. This represents 88.89%
response rate. The data were analyse using cross-tabulation to determine whether their exist any linear relationship and linearity between distributed management systems, firms and customers’ satisfaction while employing the study under consideration in business transactions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 1: Field Survey Analysis.
Distributed Systems have an impact on business
Improves Rate of business transactions
Increases Cost of running business
Can it function effectively in any part of the Country
Strongly Agree 98 100 106 47
Agree 90 78 89 30
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2
Disagree 7 14 5 104
None of the
above 5 8 0 19
Source: Field Study, February 2016.
Figure 5: Bar Chart representing peoples view in distributed management system on business enterprise.
Figure 6: Line chart representing different peoples view on the impact distributed systems on business.
Distributed Systems have an impact on business Improves Rate of business transcation
Increases Cost of runing business
Can it function effectively in any part of the Country
Distributed Systems have an impact on business
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Non of the above
Figure 7: Shows acceptances on peoples believe that it can improve business transactions.
The information from the figure 7 shows that many people agree that it have a very high and positive impact on business transactions.
Figure 8: Showing the rate of believe that it could work in any part of Nigeria.
Based on level of exposure of certain people in neglected locality they still believe that the implementation might be difficult in certain location, especially in rural areas that have not really experience any form of development. But they fail to realize that if mobile phones can work in most places, that the same idea applies to distributed systems if well integrated and implemented.
Application in Freight Management
Intermodal transport can be described as the transport of merchandise by at least two transport modes with a minimum of one stage being made by train, by truck, or by maritime modes. In other words, it is a cargo unit that is transferred from a transport mode to another. The optimal combination of modes allows transporters to achieve what is known as economies of scope, Jean-Paul (Claude Comtois and Slack, 2013). In a majority of cases, the first and/or last steps of the cargo itinerary consist in truck transportation and are to be
Improves Rate of business transcation
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Non of the above
Can it function effectively in any part of the Country
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Non of the above
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2
minimized. More than ever, delivery firms' activities are based on intermodal transport to optimize delivery times and, in turn, their overall efficiency.
United Parcel Service (UPS) is an enterprise specializing in the collection and the routing of parcels throughout the world. It represents an excellent example of a corporation actively involved in freight distribution and the application of logistics using a distributed systems network. In 2007, UPS generated incomes around 50 billion dollars and employed 425,000 people, 358,000 of them in the United States. Its service area covers 200 nations and handles 4.0 billion parcels per year; around 15.8 million per day, of which 2 million are carried by air transport, most of them in the United States. UPS handles about 61% of all parcels ground deliveries in the United States while this share drops to 34% for the overnight air freight market. It is estimated that UPS delivers more than 6% of the American Gross Domestic Product and 2% of global GDP each and every day (Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois and Slack, 2013).
The infrastructures of UPS are extensive and include 2,400 distribution centers, 93,000 vehicles and 268 airplanes going to 391 airports in the USA and 219 abroad. Besides, UPS makes call to about 310 planes on a contractual basis according to variations in demand, making it the 2nd largest freight airline in the world and the 9th largest airline in terms of revenue (Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois and Slack, 2013). UPS has also an extensive information system specifically adapted to the needs of parcel collection. Each parcel handled requires numerous data elements that are transmitted over an optic cable network supported by satellite and wireless communication in a distributed network. This network is named UPSnet. The storage is necessary for the management of the very complex logistics of the several millions of parcels sent each week having different origins, destinations and recipients. Without a good distributed network to handle such a large volume of parcel there will be high rate of losses and miss-management.
The UPS system is mostly aimed at servicing businesses since 80% of the traffic handled is business to business. To be effective, UPS relied on the efficiency of its distribution system network. Reliability and efficiency are key issues in the establishment and management of freight distribution systems leaning on parcels. Optimal locations for the hubs are sought, as well as the possible delivery routes to avoid unnecessary movements, congestion and assure timely deliveries. Every single parcel has to go through the UPS network regardless of its destination. It could be bound for the other side of the planet or addressed to the neighbor;
the parcel will have to go through the distribution system, which has a hub-and-spoke structure. This distribution system involves three major functions:
Consolidation. The first step obviously involves the collection of parcels by trucks assigned to specific routes. To optimize the driver's effectiveness, traffic trends and road conditions are continuously monitored to insure that the optimal path is taken. From his/her truck, the driver has access to a hand-held computer device (DIAD) that enables to capture information about each packages and delivery. This is essential to track a parcel or be alerted in any road change or unplanned situation. The parcels are then assembled at the closest distribution center.
Distribution. The main air hub is Louisville, Kentucky, which handles over 100 flights a day. In 2002, a distribution center of 5.2 million square foot, called UPS Worldport, opened at the Louisville International Airport. This facility handles about 1.6 million packages each day. The main land hub is the Chicago AreaConsolidation Hub, which is the largest distribution center in the United States (Jean-Paul, Claude Comtois and Slack, 2013).
Fragmentation. This step is the inverse of consolidation as parcels have to be delivered to each individual destination. Commonly, fragmentation is combined with consolidation as a delivery truck route can be integrated with a pickup route. This can be achieved only with a high level of control on the logistical chain in the distributed network.
Mobility is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, or supplying energy. Each movement has an origin, a potential set of intermediate locations, a destination, and a nature which is linked with geographical attributes. Distributed systems are composed of infrastructures, modes and terminals which are so embedded in the socio-economic life of individuals, institutions and corporations that they are often invisible to the consumer.
CONCLUSION
The study reveals that there exists a linear relationship between customer’s satisfaction on business were distributed management have been implemented and it also reveals high level customers and firm’s satisfactory acceptance on the positive impact distributed systems yields to the growth of business enterprise.
The researcher strongly believes that, we all will also accept that with distributed systems well implemented, integrated and initiated into various sectors of Nigerian Business System and SME (small and medium sale enterprises) our pattern of running business will be well stepped-up and we will be well equipped to stand-out among equals and meet up with our global challenges.
RECOMMENDATION
The researcher will strongly recommend that this paper should be looked into for more elaborate exploit on the research since the research was carried out only in one country, namely Nigeria. Further research may be carried out to investigate the impact on other countries especially the African countries to account for different business platform and to improve the generalization of findings so as to come out with future initiatives that will put our great continent at the forefront when it comes to the global standard of transacting business. My study’s result, suggests that in the light of regulated market, technology adoption of distributed management systems is very different form unregulated ones as location, technology and environmental factor have a very high influence on implementation and adoption.
REFERENCES
Abhijit, B. and Harigopal, P, (2009). Distributed Systems Securities: Issues, Processes and Solutions. Published by John Wiley & Sons.
Coronel, (2011). Database Systems, Design, Implementation and Management 9th Edition published by Cengage Learning
Dan, N, (1999). Massively Distributed Systems: Design Issues and Challenges. Proceedings of The Embedded Systems Workshop in Cambridge Massachusetts U.S.A March 29-31, 1999 by The Usenix Association.
Don, O. (2008). Evolving Models of Retail Banking Distribution by Deloitte, Center for Banking Solutions”
Gartner, I, and Zarko, S. (2010). Advanced Distribution Management System Products, An Oracle White Paper (2011) pp 5-9.
Hardik P. and Pandya, (2015). Distributed Systems Characteristics.
Janis, K, Johann, K, Lutz, M (2012). A perception-based Model for Smart Grid Adoption of Distributed System Operations proceedings of the Eighteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Seattle, Washington, August 9-12, 2012 pp. 3
Jean-Paul, R., Claude, C. and Brain, S. (2013). The Geography of the Transport System. Third Edition by Routledge
Mahipal, P (2006). A Short Review on Distributed Systems an Article on Distributed Database Systems, Oracle, (2011). An Oracle White Paper 2011
Per, H (2013). Active Distribution Systems Management: A key tool for the smooth integration of distributed generation, a Eurelectric paper February.
Raj N. (2009). Distributed Data Management: A Technology View by Information Management Magazine June 4.
Udai, S, Manoj, M. and Anil, K (2008). Distributed and Parallel Database Journals, 23(2), pp 127-149 published by Springer
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2
Lipase Production in Submerged Fermentation by a Bacterium Isolated from Nigerian Soil.
Okpalla Jude Department of microbiology,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli Anambra State
Umeh Sophina Ogonna
Department of Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Anambra State [email protected]
Abstract
Lipase production in submerged fermentation by a bacterium isolated from Nigerian soil was studied. Soil samples were collected at 5cm depth from different automobile service stations within Aguata LGA Anambra State. The bacteria in the soil samples were isolated by growing them in nutrient agar medium using streak plating method. The isolated bacteria were thereafter screened for lipase production and the best lipase positive isolates were selected and used for submerged production. The results showed that out of 61 bacteria isolated, 20 were active lipase producers, with isolates SP7 (9.8mm), PC5 (9.0mm), TL6 (8.5mm), PC3 (8.0mm) and PC6 (7.6mm) selected as the best producers. The highest lipase accumulation of 32 U/ml was recorded by isolate PC5 when grown in submerged fermentation after 72h, it was closely followed by isolate TL6 with maximum lipase yield of 26U/ml after 96h and isolate PC6 with a yield of 21U/ml after 72h. The isolate PC5 was selected, characterized and identified as Bacillus species PC5.The highest growth and lipase production (35U/ml) were observed when 6% seed inoculums were employed, while the least accumulation(15U/ml) was observed when 10% seed culture was utilized. Medium volume of 60ml enhanced maximum enzyme yield of 37U/ml, while the least lipase production was observed when 100ml medium was used. Maltose was observed to encourage the highest growth and lipase production (33U/ml), while sucrose enhanced the least production of 23U/ml. NH4NO3 was found to enhance the highest growth and lipase level(41U/ml), while NaNO3 stimulated the least with a yield of 27U/ml. The result revealed that lipase producing bacteria are present in soil and optimization studies can enhance increased lipase production.
Keywords: Lipase, Bacterium, Soil, Submerged Fermentation, Bacillus species INTRODUCTION
Lipases (EC3.1.1.3; triacylglycerol acylhydrolases) are hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic ester bonds to liberate glycerol and free fatty acids. Lipases from several sources have been purified and some of their properties investigated. Generally, they are acidic glycoproteins of molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 (Dhima and Chapadgaonkar, 2013). Lipases are ubiquitous in microbial world and are mainly produced by bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. The extracellular bacterial lipases are of considerable importance commercially as their bulk production and recovery is much easier than from fungi and actinomyces (Bhosale, Kadam, Sukalkar, & Adekar, 2012). The common lipase producing bacterial sources are species of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Chromobacterium and Pseudomonas (Bhosale et al., 2012; Ban, Kaieda, Matsumoto, Kondo, & Fukuda, 2001; Padmapriya, Rajeswari, Noushida, Sethupalen, & Venil, 2011). Under experimental conditions, lipases can hydrolyze reverse reactions including synthesis of esters by esterification, transesterification and interesterification (Franken, Eggert, Jaeger & Pohl, 2011). Lipase production is influenced by the type and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources, the culture pH, the growth temperature and the dissolved oxygen concentration (Elibol and Ozer, 2001). Lipases of microbial origin have considerable industrial potential due to their biochemical diversity and wide application in food industry for the production of emulsifying agents and flavouring agents (McNeil, Shimizu, S. and Yamanae, 1991). They are also used in various Agro-chemical industries, as biocatalysts in biotransformation reactions in semi-synthesis of drugs (Jaeger and Eggert, 2002;
Gotor-Fernandez, Brieva, & Gotor, 2006) and laundry detergent industries to remove fats and oil stains (Tatara, Fujii, Kawase & Minagawa, 1985; Newmark, 1988; Hasan,Shah, Javed, & Hameed, 2010). Modern screening programmes involving large number of yet unexplored microorganisms can be used to isolate lipases which posses the desired properties. The present research was undertaken to isolate bacteria from the soil and screen them for extracellular lipase production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection
Soil samples were aseptically collected at 5cm depth with the help of a spatula into a sterile container from different automobile services station within Aguata L.G.A. Anambra State.
Isolation and screening of bacteria for lipase production
One gram of soil was suspended into 9ml of distilled water and shaken. 10 fold. After serial dilution, 0.1ml of the suspension was inoculated into tributyrin agar plates and incubated at 300C for 24h. Colonies that displayed zone of hydrolysis were selected and subcultured on fresh nutrient agar plates to obtain pure cultures. The representative pure cultures were thereafter stored on agar slants.
Submerged production of lipase
A loopful of the chosen isolates was taken from agar slant and inoculated into 50ml of sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 300C for 24h. This serves as the seed inoculum for the fermentation. A cotton plugged Erlenmeyer flask(250ml) containing 30ml of fermentation medium which comprises of (g/l) Na2HPO4 12;
KH2PO4 4.2; MgSO4, 0.3; CaCl2 0.25 and NH4SO4, 2. Two percent of olive oil was added separately and the pH adjusted to 7. The medium was sterilized at 1210C for 15 min. Two millilitre of a 24h seed inoculum was inoculated into fermentation medium. The flask was incubated at 300C for 144h on a rotary shaker (150rpm).
At interval of 24h sample was removed and centrifuged at 5000rpm for 30min and the supernatant was used for the determination of lypolytic activity. The best isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. based on morphological and biochemical characteristics (Buchanan and Gibbons 1974).
Determination of lipase activity
The modified method of Jensen, (1983) was adopted. One ml of culture supernatant was added to assay substrate containing 10ml of 10%(w/v) homogenized olive oil in 10%(w/v) gum Arabic, 2ml of 0.6%(w/v) CaCl2 solution 5ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7). The enzyme substrate was incubated on rotary shaker at 150rpm at 300C for 1h. To stop the reaction 20ml of acetone: alcohol (1:1) was added to reaction mixture.
The liberated fatty acid was titrated with 0.1M NaoH using phenolphthalein as an indicator. One unit of lipase activity was defined as the amount enzyme that liberated 1milli mol fatty acid per min at 370C and at pH 7 under the assay conditions.
Effect of inoculum size: Various inoculum sizes (2-10%) were inoculated into in 250ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 30ml of fermentation medium and incubated at 300C for 72h. At the end of the period sample was removed and centrifuged at 5000 xg for 30min and the supernatant was used for lipase activity determination.
Bacterial growth was determined by measuring the optical density of the at 660nm using a spectrophotometer.
Effect of medium volume: Various 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 30-100ml fermentation medium volumes were inoculated with 3ml of seed inoculum and incubated at 300C for 72h. At the end of the period sample was removed and centrifuged at 5000 xg for 30min and the supernatant was used for lipase activity determination. Bacterial growth was determined by taken a sample and measuring the optical density at 660nm using a spectrophotometer.
Effect of Carbon sources: Different carbon sources (1% w/v) comprising of fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose and galactose were separately added to 250ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 30ml of fermentation medium. The medium was inoculated with 3ml of seed inoculum and incubated at 300C for 72h. At the end of the period sample was removed and centrifuged at 5000 xg for 30min and the supernatant was used for lipase activity determination. Bacterial growth was determined by taken a sample and measuring the optical density at 660nm using a spectrophotometer.
Effect of nitrogen sources: Different nitrogen sources (1% w/v) comprising of (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3
and NaNO3 were added separately to fermentation medium. The medium was inoculated with 3ml of seed inoculum and incubated at 300C for 72h. At the end of the period sample was removed and centrifuged at 5000 xg for 30min and the supernatant was used for lipase activity determination. Bacterial growth was determined by taken a sample and measuring the optical density at 660nm using a spectrophotometer
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A total of 61 bacteria isolates were isolated from the soil and screened for lipolytic production. In the result it was observed that 20 isolates were capable of lipase production as indicated by the zone of hydrolysis (Table 1). Five of the isolates which included SP7(9.8mm), PC5(9.0mm), TL6(8.5mm), PC3(8.0mm) and PC6 (7.7mm) were selected as the best lipase producers. The result showed that the soil is replete with a lot of bacteria that can produce lipases. This is similar to the findings of Dahiya and Purkayastha, 2011 who obtained lipase producing isolates from the soil with Bacillus species PD-12 and PD-20 showing high lipolytic activity. Also Dhiman and Chapadgaonkar 2013 reported the isolation of a bacteria strain ISC I that showed high lipase production from soil. Table 2 shows the result of submerged production of lipase by bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolates PC5 produced the highest lipase level of 32U/ml at 72h, while the least was produced by PC3 after 48h of incubation with a lipase level of 12U/ml. The bacterial isolate (PC5) with the Highest lipase activity was selected and was identified as Bacillus species. Maximum lipase production was obtained by isolate PC5 after 72h fermentation, this is contrary to the finding of Dahiya and Purkayastha, 2011 who reported that maximum lipase production by Bacillus sp PD-12 was obtained when grown for 24h.
Also Bhosale et al., 2012 observed maximum lipase yield (51U/ml) after 96h of incubation. The effect of inoculum size on growth and lipase production by Bacillus was investigated (Table 3). The highest lipase production (35U/ml) was observed when 6% seed inoculum was used, while the least was observed when 2% inoculum was used. The effect of inoculum size showed that the maximum lipase production was achieved with 6% v/v cell density. This is contrary to the report of Chauhan and Garlapati (2013) who observed maximum lipase activity after 48h of fermentation by Staphylococcus arlettae JPBW-1 when the production medium was inoculated with 10%(v/v) of seed culture. Table 4 show the effect of medium volume on lipase production by Bacillus species. Maximum growth and lipase (37U/ml) was observed when 60ml medium was used, while the least was observed when 100ml was utilized. The result of the effect of carbon source on lipase production is shown in table 5. Maltose was observed to stimulate the highest growth and lipase activity (33U/ml), while sucrose stimulated the least lipase activity. It was observed that maltose stimulated maximum lipase accumulation by the Bacillus species. This is contrary to report of Papaparaskevas et al (1992), Mates and Sudakevitz (1973) and Hassan and Hammed (2001) who observed that fructose stimulated enhanced lipase production by Rhodotorulaglutinis, Bacillussubtilis and Staphylococcusaureus respectively. Anurag et al. (2006) reported that mannitol was found to be the best carbon source among sugars used for lipase production by Bacillus megaterium AKG-1. Ginalska et al (2004) reported the stimulating effect of sucrose on lipase production by Geotrichum sp strain R59. Table 6 shows the effect of nitrogen sources on lipase production NH4NO3 was found to stimulate the highest growth and lipase activity of 41U/ml, while NaNO3 stimulated the least lipase activity. In the study NH4NO3 stimulated the highest production of lipase. This is corroborated by Anurag et al.(2006) who reported that NH4NO3
enhanced the highest lipase production by Bacillus megaterium AKG-1. Again, Barbosa et al (2011) reported that NH4NO3 stimulated the highest lipase production by Botryosphaeria ribis EC-01 grown in medium.
Dahiya and Purkayastha (2011) reported that the addition of ammonium nitrate resulted in maximum lipase production by Bacillus species PD-12. Burkert et al.(2004) demonstrated the stimulating effect of ammonium nitrate and corn steep liquor on lipase production by Geotrichum species.
Table 1: Lipase positive bacteria isolated after screening
Bacteria isolate Average Zone of Clearance (mm)
TL9 3.5
PC1 7.1
PC5 9.0
SP4 2.0
TL2 6.5
SP7 9.8
AC4 4.2
SP6 3.7
PC9 5.3
AC1 4.4
PC6 7.6
PC3 8.0
TL6 8.5
SP5 5.5
TL4 6.3
SP1 4.6
AC8 6.0
PC7 5.4
TL3 3.8
SP2 4.1
Table 2: Submerged production of lipase by bacteria isolates
Table 3: Effect of inoculum size on lipase production by Bacillusspecies PC5
Inoculum size (%) Lipase activity (U/ml) Bacteria growth(OD660nm)
2 27 1.58
4 29 1.63
6 35 1.72
8 32 1.70
10 15 1.68
Table 4: Effect of medium volume on lipase production by Bacillus species PC5
Medium volume (ml) Lipase activity (U/ml) Bacterial growth(OD660nm)
30 19 1.46
40 25 1.57
50 31 1.62
Bacteria Isolate
Lipase activities (U/ml)
24h 48h 72h 96h 120h 144h
SP 7 5 11 14 17 15 9
PC5 13 23 32 26 21 18
PC6 7 12 21 18 18 15
TL6 5 14 19 25 22 17
PC3 3 12 8 8 6 5
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2
60 37 1.63
70 34 1.55
80 32 1.51
90 23 1.50
100 15 1.50
Table 5: Effect of carbon source on lipase production by Bacillus species PC5
Carbon source (1%w/v) Lipase activity(U/ml) Bacteria growth(OD660nm)
Fructose 25 1.45
Glucose 27 1.52
Maltose 33 1.66
Sucrose 23 1.60
Galactose 29 1.57
Table 6: Effect of nitrogen sources on lipase production by Bacillus species PC5
Nitrogen source(1%) Lipase activity(U/ml) Bacteria growth(OD 660nm)
(NH4)2SO4 36 1.50
NH4NO3 41 1.58
NH4Cl 33 1.52
NaNO3 27 1.65
CONCLUSION
In the study, some bacteria were isolated from the soil were found to be active lipase producers and the best producer was selected and identified as Bacillus species. Optimization of culture conditions showed that extracellular lipase production can be greatly enhanced.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Microbial lipases have wide applications in food, pharmaceutical, leather, dairy and detergent industries.
Many of these industries exist in Nigeria but the enzymes they use have to be imported and this add to the cost of operation in the industries. In the study, lipase was produced by bacteria isolated from the soil, so it is an indication that lipase production in commercial quantity is feasible in Nigeria. It is recommended that government should encourage local production by providing attractive incentives to investors. Adequate funds should also be made available to research institutes for the purpose of carrying research in this area with the view to producing the enzyme cheaply and simply using standard methods. Government should also remove import duty on some of the equipments that will be used in the production.
REFERENCES
Anurag, S. and Neetu, D., Ram, P.T. and Gurinder, S.H. (2006). Production of extracellular lipase by Bacillus megaterium AKG-1 in submerged fermentation. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 5: 179-183
Ban, K., Kaieda, N., Matsumoto, T., Kondo, A. and Fukuda, H. (2001). Whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 8: 39−43.
Barbosa, A.M., Messias, J.M., Andrade, M.M., Dekker, R.F.H. and Venkatesagowda, B. (2011). Soybean oil and meal as substrates for lipase production by Botryosphaeria ribis and soyabean oil to enhance the production of Botryosphaeran by Botryosphaeria rhodina. www.intechopen.com 101-119
Bhosale, H.J., Kadam, T.A., Sukalkar, S.R. and Adekar, S.D. (2012). Lipase production from Bacillus species using soybean oil cake as substrate 3(5): 213−221.
Buchanan, R.E. and Gibbons, N.E. (1974). Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 8th edn. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore
Burkert, J.F., Maugeri, F. and Rogriques, M.I. (2004). Optimization of extracellular lipase production by Geotrichum species using factorial design. Bioresource Technology 91: 77-84
Chauhan, M. and Garlapati, V.K. (2013). Production and characterization of halo, solvent, thermo-tolerant alkaline lipase by Staphylococcus arlettae JPBW-1 isolated from rock salt mine. Applied Biochemistry and biotechnology, 171(6): 1429-1443 Dahiya, P. and Purkayastha, S. (2011). Isolation, screening and production of extracellular alkaline lipase from newly isolated Bacillus
sp. PD12.Journal of Biological Sciences11(5): 381−387.
Dhiman, S. and Chapadgaonkar, S.S. (2013). Optimization of lipase production medium for a bacteria isolate. International Journal of Chem Tech Research5(6): 2837−2843.
Elibol, M. and Ozer, D. (2001). Influence of oxygen transfer on lipase production by Rhizopus arrhizus. Process Biochemistry, 36:
325−329.
Franken, B., Eggert, T., Jaeger, K.E. and Pohl, M. (2011). Mechanism of acetaldehyde-induced deactivation of microbial lipases.MBC Biochemistry12: 10−14.
George – Okafor U.O. and Mike – Anosike E.E. (2012). Screening and optimal protease production by Bacillus sp SW-2 Using low cost substrate medium. Research Journal of Microbiology 7(7): 327-336
Ginalska, G., Bancerz, R. and Komillowicz-kowalska, T.A. (2014). Thermostable lipase production by a newly isolated Geotrichum like strain R59. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 31: 177- 182
Gotor-Fernandez, V., Brieva, R. and Gotor, V. (2006). Lipases useful biocatalysts for the preparation of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 40(3-4): 111−120.
Hasan, F. and Hameed, A. (2001). Optimization of lipase production from Bacillus species. Pakistan Journal of Botany 33: 789−796.
Hasan, F., Shah, A.A., Javed, S. and Hameed, A. (2010). Enzymes used in detergent: lipases. African Journal of Biotechnology9(31):
4836−4844.
Jaeger, K.E. and Eggert, T. (2002). Lipases for biotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,13(4): 390−397.
Jensen, R.G. (1983). Detection and determination of lipase (acylglycerol hydrolase) activity from various sources. Lipids 18(9): 650-7
McNeil, G.P., Shimizu, S. and Yamanae, T. (1991). High- yield enzymatic glycerolysis of fats and oils. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 68: 1-5
Mahadik, N. D., puntambekar, U.S., Bastawde, K.D., Khire, J.M. and Gokhle, D.V. (2002). Production of acidic lipase by Aspergillus nigerin solid state fermentation. Process Biochemistry, 38: 715-721
Mates, A. and Sudakevitz, D. (1973). Production of lipase by staphylococcus aureus under various growth conditions. Journal of Applied Bacteriology36: 219−226.
New Mark, P. (1988). Two European companies market lipases. Biology and Technology6: 369.
Padmapriya, B., Rajeswari, T., Noushida, E., Sethupalen, D. and Venil, C. (2011). Production of lipase enzyme from Lactobacillus spp and its application in the degradation of meat, World Applied Sciences Journal12(10): 1798−1802.
Papaparaskevas, D., Christakopoulos, P., Kekos, D. and Macris, B.J. (1992). Optimizing production of extracellular lipase form Rhodotorula glutinis. Biotechnology Letters14: 397−402.
African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, April, 2016 Vol 3, No. 2
Tatara, T., Fujii, T., Kawase, T. and Minagawa, M. (1985). Studies on application of lipolytic enzymes in detergents II. Evaluation of adaptability of various kinds of lipases in practical laundry condition. Journal of the American Oil Chemist Society 62:
1053−1058.