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Measurement Methods and Network Design

Baron, P.A.; and Willeke, K. (2001). Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications, 2nd ed., P.A. Baron and K. Willeke, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, U.S.A.

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Benham, T.; Maynard, A.D.; Bingley, M.S.; and Howard, C.V. (2000). Overview of methods for analysing single ultrafine particles. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 358(1775):2609-2610. ISI:000090102100007.

Brockmann, J.E. (2001). Sampling and transport of aerosols. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., P. Baron and K. Willeke, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 143-195.

Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Pritchett, L.C.; Pierson, W.R.; Frazier, C.A.; and Purcell, R.G. (1993). The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ., 27A(8):1185-1201. Chow, J.C.; and Watson, J.G. (1994). Guidelines for

PM10 sampling and analysis applicable to receptor

modeling. Report No. EPA-452/R-94-009. Prepared for U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, U.S.A.

Chow, J.C. (1995). Summary of the 1995 A&WMA critical review: Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. EM, 1(May):12-15.

Chow, J.C. (1995). Critical review: Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 45(5):320-382.

Chow, J.C.; and Watson, J.G. (1998). Guideline on speciated particulate monitoring. Prepared for U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, U.S.A., www.dri.edu

Chow, J.C.; and Watson, J.G. (1999). Ion chromatography in elemental analysis of airborne particles. In Elemental

Analysis of Airborne Particles, Vol. 1, S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman, Eds. Gordon and Breach Science, Amsterdam, pp. 97-137.

Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Crow, D.; Lowenthal, D.H.; and Merrifield, T.M. (2001). Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 34(1):23-34.

Chow, J.C.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Watson, J.G.; Wilson, W.E.; Frank, N.H.; and Zhu, T. (2002). Designing monitoring networks to represent outdoor human exposure. Chemosphere, 49(9):961-978.

Chow, J.C.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; Freeman, N.C.G.; Hashim, J.H.; Jantunen, M.; Michaud, J.P.; de Tejada, S.S.; Watson, J.G.; Wei, F.S.; Wilson, W.E.; Yasuno, M.; and Zhu, T. (2002). Chapter one: exposure measurements. Chemosphere, 49(9):873-901.

Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chen, L.-W.A.; Arnott, W.P.; Moosmüller, H.; and Fung, K.K. (2004). Equivalence of elemental carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with different temperature protocols. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(16):4414-4422.

Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chen, L.-W.A.; Paredes-Miranda, G.; Chang, M.-C.O.; Trimble, D.; Fung, K.K.; Zhang, H.; and Yu, J.Z. (2005). Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(4):2961-2972.

Chow, J.C.; and Watson, J.G. (2007). Survey of measurement and composition of ultrafine particles. AAQR, 7(2): 121-173.

Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Chen, L.-W.A.; Chang, M.-C.O.; Robinson, N.F.; Trimble, D.L.; and Kohl, S.D. (2007). The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/ optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a long-term data base. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57:1014-1023.

Chow, J.C.; Yu, J.Z.; Watson, J.G.; Ho, S.S.H.; Bohannan, T.L.; Hays, M.D.; and Fung, K.K. (2007). The application of thermal methods for determining chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols: A Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part A, 42(11):1521-1541.

Cohen, B.S.; and McCammon, C.S.J. (2001). Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, Ninth Edition. Am. Conf. of Govnmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A.

Demerjian, K.L. (2000). A review of national monitoring networks in North America. Atmos. Environ., 34(12-14): 1861-1884.

Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Hastie, D.; Chow, J.C.; and Solomon, P.A. (2004). Particle and gas measurements. In Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers, A NARSTO Assessment, P.H. McMurry, M.F. Shepherd, and J.S. Vickery, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 159-189.

Gilbert, R.O.; and Pulsipher, B.A. (2005). Role of sampling designs in obtaining representative data. Environmental Forensics, 6(1):27-33. ISI:000227952400008.

Gordon, G.E.; Pierson, W.R.; Daisey, J.M.; Lioy, P.J.; Cooper, J.A.; Watson, J.G.; and Cass, G.R. (1984). Considerations for design of source apportionment studies. Atmos. Environ., 18(8):1567-1582.

Hering, S.V. (2001). Impactors, cyclones, and other particle collectors. In Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 9th ed., B.S. Cohen and C.S.J. McCammon, Eds. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 315-376.

Horvath, H. (1993). Atmospheric light absorption—A review. Atmos. Environ., 27A(3):293-317.

Intersociety Committee (1989). Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd ed., J.P. Lodge, Jr., Ed. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, U.S.A.

Kasahara, M. (1999). Characterization of atmospheric aerosols and aerosol studies applying PIXE analysis. In Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols, K.R. Spurny, Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 145-171.

Landsberger, S.; and Creatchman, M. (1999). Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles, S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman, Eds. Gordon and Breach, Newark, NJ, U.S.A.

Landsberger, S. (1999). Trace element determination of airborne particles by neutron activation analysis. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles, Vol. 1, S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman, Eds. Gordon and Breach Science, Amsterdam, pp. 197-233.

Lodge, J.P. (1989). Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 3rd ed. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

Maynard, A.D. (2000). Overview of methods for analysing single ultrafine particles. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 358(1775):2593-2610. ISI:000090102100006.

McDonald, T. (2003). Review of environmental monitoring methods: survey designs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 85(3):277-292.

McMurry, P.H. (2000). A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements. Atmos. Environ., 34(12-14):1959-1999. Silva, C.; and Quiroz, A. (2003). Optimization of the

atmospheric pollution monitoring network at Santiago de Chile. Atmos. Environ., 37(17):2337-2345.

Solomon, P.A.; Norris, G.; Landis, M.; and Tolocka, M. (2001). Chemical analysis methods for atmospheric aerosol components. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., P. Baron and K. Willeke, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 261-293.

Spurny, K.R. (1998). Advances in Aerosol Filtration, K.R. Spurny, Ed. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, U.S.A. Spurny, K.R. (1999). Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols, K.R.

Spurny, Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.

U.S.EPA (1997). Guidance for network design and optimum

site exposure for PM2.5 and PM10. Report No. EPA-

454/R-99-022. Prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S.A. U.S.EPA (2005). National ambient air monitoring strategy.

Prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa

.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/monitorstrat/ naamstrat2005.pdf

Watson, J.G.; and Chow, J.C. (1994). Particle and gas measurements on filters. In Environmental Sampling for Trace Analysis, B. Markert, Ed. VCH, New York, pp. 125-161.

Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; DuBois, D.W.; Green, M.C.; Frank, N.H.; and Pitchford, M.L. (1997). Guidance for

network design and optimal site exposure for PM2.5

and PM10. Report No. EPA-454/R-99-022. Prepared

by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/ pmstg.html

Watson, J.G.; Chow, J.C.; and Frazier, C.A. (1999). X-ray fluorescence analysis of ambient air samples. In Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles, Vol. 1, S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman, Eds. Gordon and Breach Science, Amsterdam, pp. 67-96.

Watson, J.G.; and Chow, J.C. (2001). Ambient air sampling. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., P. Baron and K. Willeke, Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 821-844.

Watson, J.G.; Turpin, B.J.; and Chow, J.C. (2001). The measurement process: Precision, accuracy, and validity. In Air Sampling Instruments for Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, Ninth Edition, 9th ed., B.S. Cohen and C.S.J. McCammon, Eds. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 201-216.

Wilson, W.E.; Chow, J.C.; Claiborn, C.S.; Fusheng, W.; Engelbrecht, J.P.; and Watson, J.G. (2002). Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors. Chemosphere, 49(9):1009- 1043.