Medical practitioners diagnose physical and mental illness, disorders and injuries, and prescribe treatments and medication to restore good health. Many specialise in different fields related to reproduction, including:
• obstetrician/gynaecologist—provides medical care before, during and after childbirth
• paediatrician—diagnoses and treats diseases of children from birth to early adolescence.
A good medical practitioner is able to:
• relate to and enjoy working with people
• listen to others carefully
• demonstrate good communication skills
• apply logical and scientific thought to a problem
• make observations and draw conclusions based on this information
• display a high degree of motivation and self-discipline.
Career profile
[ Extension ]
Investigate
1 Research toxic shock syndrome.
a What is this condition?
b Why are tampons no longer likely to cause toxic shock?
c Outline some alternatives to using tampons.
2 Design a poster promoting safer sex. What is it and why is it important?
3 Pap smears can detect cervical cancer. Research how this test works.
4 Research other reproductive problems not discussed here. For example, how do ovarian cysts arise and how are they treated? Present your findings as a leaflet to be placed in a medical centre.
5 Investigate a sexually transmitted disease and outline:
a the signs and symptoms b how the disease is spread
c how the spread of the disease can be controlled d how widespread the disease is
e any cures or treatments
f current research into this disease.
Select a way to present your information by negotiating with your teacher.
[ Summary questions ]
1 List the types of asexual reproduction and state an example of each type.
2 Arrange these terms in order: foetus, zygote, fertilisation, implantation, embryo, gametes.
3 Look at the following diagram and label parts a–e.
4 Identify the type of reproduction that requires only one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent.
5 State how long gestation takes in humans.
Give your answer in days and months.
6 Identify where fertilisation takes place in humans.
7 Describe the conditions needed for maximum sperm production.
8 Discuss one advantage of asexual reproduction.
9 State one advantage of the young developing in the mother’s body.
Chapter review
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Reproductive problems Reproductive problems
b
e d
c a
Fig 6.4.5
Worksheet 6.5 Reproduction crossword Worksheet 6.6 Sci-words
[ Thinking questions ]
11 List the changes that testosterone causes in males at puberty.
12 Describe how two types of asexual reproduction occur.
13 Describe one contraceptive method, including how effective it is and why.
14 List three things a mother-to-be could do that would harm a growing foetus.
15 Explain how you can protect yourself against herpes.
16 Propose how the risk of multiple pregnancies by IVF can be reduced.
17 a Construct a labelled diagram of a flower.
b Construct a table to summarise the flower parts and their function.
c Explain the term ‘pollination’.
18 Identify possible career paths in the area of reproduction and associated technologies.
19 Outline the scientific skills that would be useful for a career as a medical imaging technologist.
[ Interpreting questions ]
20 Assess how mutations can sometimes lead to permanent improvements in a species.
21 Complete the following table to compare flower and human parts.
22 Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
23 Outline the role of cell division in multicellular organisms in:
a growth b repair c reproduction Terms
Ova Ovaries Ovulation Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina Sperm Testes Scrotum Epididymis Seminal fluid Semen
Definitions
a Ring of muscle separating uterus and vagina c Male sex organs that make sperm cells d The male sex cell
e Area where sperm cells are stored f Consists of seminal fluid and sperm
g The process of releasing an ovum once a month h Area where the embryo implants and grows
I The female sex cell
j Nourishes and activates sperm cells
k The passageway for menstrual flow and birth of a baby. Sperm is also deposited here.
l Tube that ‘catches’ the ovum
m Passes through the penis. Urine and sperm pass through this tube.
n Pocket of skin that holds the testes o Female sex organ that produces ova
Flower part Human part Comparable function Anther Production of male sex cells Ovary Ovary
Sperm Male sex cell Ovule
Male sex cells deposited here 10 Match each of the following reproduction terms with its
correct definition.
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7
Key focus area
The implications of science for society and the environment
Outcomes
5.3, 5.10, 5.11Pre quiz
7
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Energy Energy
in in
ecosystems ecosystems
By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
distinguish between the living and non-living parts of your environment
distinguish between organic and inorganic substances
construct simple food chains
construct simple energy flow diagrams for an ecosystem
track water through the water cycle describe the carbon and nitrogen cycles describe how humans can interfere with the water, carbon and nitrogen cycles
list examples of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, stating their advantages and disadvantages
1 Which nuclear reaction do you witness daily?
2 There are more insects and small animals than big ones on Earth. Why?
3 What will you choose to boil a kettle—
peanuts or cashews?
4 Why does the venus flytrap plant eat bugs?
5 You are getting energy from the Sun when you eat a sausage. How can this be?
6 Petrol is a fossil fuel. What does this mean when it doesn’t appear to have any fossils in it?
7 Can poo be used for energy?