2.2 Methods
3.2.3 Meristem Image Processing
Gwandu clay deposit is one of the unidentified clay deposits in Nigeria. This is probably the first work on this clay deposit. Thus, if these clays are exploited and properly harnessed, it will no doubt provide internal sourcing of raw material which will reduce over dependence on importation of materials used in ceramic. There is need for a geological survey to determine the extent of the deposit.
Further works to establish the potential use of Gwandu clay deposits for the production of industrial products other than pottery products should be undertaken.
69
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73 APPENDICES
Appendix A: Summary of the chemical composition and properties of some ceramic materials
Parameters glass paper Paint Chester1 Grimshaw2 ceramic Refractory Bricks
Chemical composition ( %)
SiO2 93.76-95.46
45.0-45.8
45.3-47.9
46-62 40-60 60.50 51.70
Al2O3 12-17 33.5-36.1
37.9-38.4
25-39 25-45 26.50 25-44
Fe2O3 2-3 0.3-0.6 13.4-13.7
0.4-2.7 1-5 0.5-1.2 0.5-2.4
MgO 4-5 0.03-0.60
0.03-0.06
0.2-1.0 2-5 2-3.0
CaO 4-5 0.03-0.60
0.03-0.06
0.2-1.0 <2.0 0.18-3. 0.1-0.2
Na2O 2-15 0.3-3.0 <2.0 <2.0
K2O 2-9 0.3-3.0 <2.0
LOI 8-18 5-14
Al2O3 -SiO2
ratio
0.12-7.95
0.74 0.8
0.54-063
0.62-0.75 0.44 0.49
LS (%) 6.80 6 5.6 7-10
Pa (%) 38.46 40.29 46.15 10-30
Db (g/cm3) 1.81 1.79 1.54 2.3 CCS (MPa) 5.44 5.17 5.44 5MPa
TSR (cycles) 7 5 3 20-30
PCE 13 13 12 16-32
1Chester, J.H (1973), 2Grimshaw, R.W (1971)
74
Appendix B: Physical tests for 100% clay samples
Parameters Dabagi Fadama Termite hill
D(g) 120 120 100
W(g)
145 150 130
S(g) 80 80 65
Wi(g) 123.84 123.34 123.34
Wf(g) 117.84 118.63 117.84
Original length(cm) 5 5 5
Fired length (cm) 4.66 4.60 4.70
75
Appendix C: Clay samples and Rice husk ash Clay + % rice husk ash D (g) S (g) W (g) Original
length (cm)
Fired length (cm)
Dabagi clay + 1% RHA 115.00 99.00 146.00 5 4.70
Dabgi clay + 2% RHA 100.00 65.00 130.00 5 4.76
Dabagi clay + 5% RHA 120.00 80.00 150.00 5 4.82
Dabgi clay + 10% RHA 100.00 75.00 135.00 5 4.83
Dabagi clay +15% RHA 99.00 70.00 146.00 5 4.85
Dabagi clay + 20% RHA 100.00 70.00 149.00 5 4.85
Dabagi clay 25% RHA 100.00 70.00 150.00 5 4.85
76
Appendix D: Physical properties of Dabagi clay sample with Different proportion of limestone
Dabagi clay + CaCO3
D(g) S(g) W(g) Ori.legth (cm)
Fired length (cm) Dabagi clay + 1%
limestone
118.00 70.82 147.72 5 4.96
Dabagi clay + 2%
limestone
135.86 78.26 162.20 5 4.93
Dabagi clay + 5%
limestone
133.95 76.79 157.22 5 4.83
Dabagi clay +10%
limestone
114.31 67.65 130.87 5 4.70
Dabagi clay &
15% limestone
133.95 76.79 157.22 5 4.58
Dabagi clay + 20% limestone
117.53 68.24 130.33 5 4.55
Dabagi clay + 25% limestone
125.00 70.00 135.00 5 4.52
77
Appendix E: Physical Properties of Dabagi clay sample with different proportion of kaolin
Description D (g) S(g) W(g) Original length (cm)
Fired length (cm)
Dabagi clay +1% kaolin
110.67 65.27 136.00 5 4.93
Dabagi clay +2% kaolin
115.00 70.00 135.00 5 4.90
Dabagi clay + 5% kaolin
119.04 65.56 138.00 5 4.76
Dabagi clay + 10% kaolin
121.56 73.03 137.67 5 4.60
Dabagi clay + 15% kaolin
122.36 70.03 135.00 5 4.56
Dabagi clay + 20% kaolin
125.00 70.00 135.00 5 4.55
Dabagi clay + 25% kaolin
92.60 54.93 94.32 5 4.42
78
Appendix F: Cold Crushing Strength of Clay Samples
Description
Strength along the direction of forming, CCSv
(MPa)
Strength across the direction of forming, CCSH
(MPa)
Dabagi 6.85 4.03
Termite hill 5.75 3.42
Fadama 6.56 3.77
79
Appendix G: Cold Crushing Strength of Dabagi Clay with different proportion of limestone
% limestone with Dabagi clay
Strength along the direction of forming, CCSv
(MPa)
Strength across the direction of forming, CCSH
(MPa)
1 9.321 4.425
2 10.592 5.392
5 11.612 5.926
10 12.559 6.232
15 13.492 6.945
20 14.851 7.678
25 15.254 8.102
80
Appendix D: Cold Crushing Strength of Dabagi Clay with Different proportion of kaolin clay
% of kaolin clay with Dabagi clay
Strength along the direction of forming, CCSv (KN/m2)
Strength across direction of forming,CCSH(KN/m2)
1 10.412 6.132
2 11.496 5.562
5 12.323 6.966
10 13.708 7.023
15 14.812 7.923
20 15.485 8.692
25 15.920 9.521