Chapter 3 Methodology
3.7 Interviews with professionals – method
3.7.5 Methodological findings – vignettes
En los tres estudios, los datos se presentan como medias y desviación estándar (X± SD, standard deviation). El nivel de significación se ha definido, en todos los casos, a nivel de p<0,05. El estudio estadístico se ha llevado a cabo con el programa Statistica8.
En el estudio I, se representaron gráficamente los datos de velocidad y concentración de LA para evaluar la mejor ecuación matemática. Para ello, se usaron modelos lineales, exponenciales y polinómicos y se calcularon los coeficientes de regresión. Se consideró que el modelo matemático que presentó un coeficiente de regresión más elevado era el que representaba de forma más exacta la relación entre
5 Accutrend Plus, Roche Farma®, Madrid, España
6Statistica for windows V.9.0, Statsoft Inc®, USA
7Winlact V.2.0., Germany
8
ambas variables.
En el estudio II, se llevó a cabo un ANOVA de efectos principales, considerando dos factores (grupo de rendimiento y tiempo de obtención de muestras) para comparar, tanto entre los dos grupos de rendimiento (GP vs. LP) como entre los tiempos de obtención de datos (reposo R, calentamiento WU1 y WU2, cargas de esfuerzo, E1 a E6, de 5 a 10 m/s y enfriamiento WD1 y WD2). Cuando se observaron diferencias significativas asociadas al tiempo de ejercicio, se realizó un análisis post-hoc (Test de Scheffé).
En el estudio III, se realizó un ANOVA para evaluar las diferencias significativas entre los diversos índices de funcionalidad cardiovascular y metabólica (V150, V200, VLA2,
VLA4, HRLA2, HRLA4 y UA post-ejercicio). Finalmente, en este estudio se efectuó un
análisis de correlación entre los parámetros ergoespirométricos, determinados en el estudio II, el tiempo de ejercicio hasta la fatiga (ETF) y los índices anteriormente indicados.
ACHTEN J, GLEESON M, JEUKENDRUP AE (2002). Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34, 92-97.
ANDREWS FM, GEISER DR, WHITE SL, WILLIAMSON LH, MAYKUTH PL, GREEN EM (1995). Haematological and biochemical changes in horses competing in a 3 star horse trial and 3-day-event. Equine Vet. J. 20, 57-63.
ART T, AMORY H, DESMECHT D, LEKEUX P (1990a). Effects of show jumping on heart rate, blood lactate and other plasma biochemical values. Equine Vet. J. 9, 79-82.
ART T, DESMECHT D, AMORY H, DELOGNE O, BUCHET M, LEROY P, LEKEUX P (1990b). A field study of post-exercise values of blood biochemical constituents in jumping horses: relationship with score, individual and event. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed A, 37(3), 231-239. BARTON MH, WILLIAMSON L, JACKS S, NORTON N (2003). Body weight, hematologic findings, and serum and plasma biochemical findings of horses competing in a 48-, 83- or 159- km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64(6), 746- 753.
BITSCHNAU C, WIESTNER T, TRACHSEL DS, AUER JA, WEISHAUPT MA (2010). Performance parameters and post-exercise heart rate recovery in Warmblood sport horses of different performance levels. Equine Vet. J. 38, 17-22.
BOUCHER JH, CONNES P (2008). Hemorheopathy in exercising horses. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 40(1), 73-75.
BRÖJER JT, NOSTELL KG, ESSÉN- GUSTAVSSON B, HEDENSTRÖM UO (2012). Effect of repeated oral administration of glucose and leucine immediately after exercise on plasma insulin concentrations and glycogen synthesis in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 73(6), 867-874.
BUFFET A, COLLET P, COLLET S (2009). Available at: http:/www.endurance.pedigrees.com BUTUDOM P, AXIAK SM, NIELSEN BD, EBERHART SW, SCHOTT HC Jr (2003). Effect of varying initial drink volume on rehydration of horses. Physiol. Behav. 79(2), 135-142.
BUTUDOM P, SCHOTT HC, 2nd, DAVIS MW,
KOBE CA, NIELSEN BD, EBERHART SW (2002). Drinking salt water enhances rehydration in horses dehydrated by frusemide administration and endurance exercise. Equine Vet. J. 34, 513- 518.
BYSTROM A, RHODIN M, VON PEINEN K, WEISHAUPT MA, ROEPSTORFF L (2010). Kinematics of saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses performing collected walk on a treadmill. Equine Vet. J. 42(4), 340-345.
CASTEJÓN F, TRIGO P, MUÑOZ A, RIBER C (2006). Uric acid responses to endurance racing and relationships with performance, plasma biochemistry and metabolic alterations. Equine Vet. J. 36, 70-73.
CASTEJÓN-RIBER C, MUÑOZ A, TRIGO P, RIBER C, SANTISTEBAN R, CASTEJÓN F (2012). Comparative ergoespirometric adaptations to a treadmill exercise test in untrained show Andalusian and Arabian horses. Vet. Res. Commun. 36(4), 41-46.
CONSTANTINOPOL M, JONES JH, WEIBEL ER, TAYLOR CR, LINDHOLM A, KARAS RH (1989). Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. II. Oxygen uptake by the pulmonary gas exchange. J. Appl. Physiol. 67(2), 871-879. COTTIN F, METAYER N, GOACHET AG, JULLIAND V, SLOWINSKI J, BILLAT V, BARREY V (2010). Oxygen consumption and gait variables of Arabian endurance horses measured during a field exercise test. Equine Vet. J. 38, 1-5.
DAHLBORN K, JANSSON A, NYMAN S, MORGAN K, HOLM L, RIDDERSTRALE Y (1999). Sweat production and localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the equine sweat gland during exercise at two ambient temperatures. Equine Vet. J. 30, 398-403.
DÜSTERDIECK KF, SCHOTT HC 2nd,
EBERHART SW, WOODY KA, COENEN M (1999). Electrolyte and glycerol supplementation improve water intake by horses performing a simulated 60 km endurance ride. Equine Vet. J. 30, 418-424.
ECKER GL, LINDINGER MI (1995). Effects of terrain, speed and temperature and distance on water and ion losses. Equine Vet. J. 18, 298-305.
ESSÉN-GUSTAVSSON B, GOTTLIEB-VEDI M, LINDHOLM A (1999). Muscle adenine nucleotide degradation during submaximal treadmill exercise to fatigue. Equine Vet. J. 30, 298-302.
ESSÉN-GUSTAVSSON B, McMIKEN D, KARLSTRÖM K, LINDHOLM A, PERSSON S, THORNTON J (1989). Muscular adaptations to horses during intense training and detraining. Equine Vet. J. 21, 27-33.
FERRAZ GC, SOARES OA, FOZ NS, PEREIRA MC, QUEIROZ-NIETO A (2010). The workload and plasma ion concentration in a training match session of high-goal (elite) polo ponies. Equine Vet. J. 38, 191-195.
FIELDING CL, DECHANT JE (2012). Colic in competing endurance horses presented to referral centres: 36 cases. Equine Vet. J. 44(4), 472-475. FIELDING CL, MEIER CA, BALCH OK, HASS PH (2011). Risk factors for the elimination of endurance horses from competition. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 239(4), 493-498.
FRAIPONT A, VAN ERCK E, RAMERY E, FORTIER G, LEKEUX P, ART T (2012). Assessing fitness in endurance horses. Can. Vet. J. 53(3), 311-314.
FRAIPONT A, VAN ERCK E, RAMERY E, RICHARD E, DENOIX JM, LEKEUX P, ART T (2011). Subclinical diseases underlying poor performance in endurance horses: diagnostic methods and predictive tests. Vet. Rec. 169(6), 154.
GEOR R, HINCHCLIFF K, SAMS R (2000). Glucose infusion attenuates endogenous glucose production and enhances glucose use of horses during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 1765-1776. HESS TM, KRONFELD DS, WILLIAMS CA, WALDRON JN, GRAHAM-THIERS PM, GREIWE-CRANDELL K, LOPES MA, HARRIS PA (2005). Effects of oral potassium supplementation on acid-base status and plasma ion concentrations of horses during endurance exercise. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66(3), 466-473.
HODGSON DR, McCUTCHEON LJ, BYRD SK, BROWN WS, BAYLY WM, BRENGELMANN GI, GOLLNICK DP (1993). Dissipation of metabolic heat in the horse during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 1161-1170.
JONES JH, LONGWORTH KE, LINDHOM A, CONLEY KE, KARAS RH, KAYAR SR, TAYLOR CR (1989). Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. I. Adaptive variation in oxygen demand. J. Appl. Physiol. 67(2), 862- 870.
KARLSTRÖM K, ESSÉN-GUSTAVSSON B, HOPPELER H, STRAUB R, WEISHAUPT M (1992). Capillary supply and fibre area in the locomotor muscles of horses and steers- A comparison between histochemistry and electron microscopy. Acta Anat. 145(2), 395-399.
KARLSTRÖM K, ESSÉN-GUSTAVSSON B, LINDHOLM A (1994). Fibre type distribution, capillarization and enzymatic profile of locomotor and nonlocomotor muscles of horses and steers. Acta Anat. 151, 97-106.
KAYAR SR, HOPELER H, LINSTEDT SL (1989). Total muscle mitochondrial volume in relation to aerobic capacity of horses and steers. Pflügers Archiv.: Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 413, 343- 347.
KAYAR SR, HOPPELER H, JONES JH, LONGWORTH K, ARMSTRONG RB, LAUGHLIN MH, LINDSTEDT SL, BICUDO JE, GROEBE K, TAYLOR CR (1994). Capillary blood transit time in muscles in relation to body size and aerobic capacity. J. Exp. Biol. 194, 69- 81.
KINGSTON JK, McCUTCHEON LJ, GEOR RJ (1999). Comparison of three methods for estimation of exercise-related ion losses in sweat of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 60(10), 1248-1254. LARSSON J, PILBORG PH, JOHANSEN M, CHRISTOPHERSEN MH, HOLTE A, ROEPSTORFF L, OLSEN LH, HARRISON AP (2013). Physiological parameters of endurance horses pre-compared to post-race, correlated with performance: a two race study from Scandinavia. ISRN Vet. Sci. 18, 684353.
LINDINGER MI, ECKER GL (1995). Ion and water losses from body fluids during a 163 km endurance ride. Equine Vet. J. 18, 314-322. LÖNNELL AC, BROJER J, NOSTELL K,
HERNLUND E, ROEPSTARFF L,
TRANQUILLE CA, MURRAY RC, OOMEN A, VAN WEEREN R, BITSCHNAU C, MONTAVON S, WEISHAUPT MA, EGENVALL A (2014). Variation of training regimens in professional show jumping yards.
Equine Vet. J. 46(2), 233-238.
MANABE Y, GOLLISCH KS, HOLTON L, KIM YB, BRANDAUER J, FUJII NL, HIRSHMAN MF, GOODYEAR LJ (2013). Exercise training- induced adaptations associated with increases in skeletal muscle glycogen content. FEBS J 280(3), 916-926.
MARLIN DJ, ALLEN JC (1999). Cardiovascular demands of competition in a low-goal (non-elite) polo ponies. Equine Vet. J. 31(5), 378-382. McCUTCHEON LJ, GEOR RJ (1996). Sweat fluid and ion losses in horses during training and competition in cool vs heat ambient conditions: implications for ion supplementation. Equine Vet. J. 22, 54-62.
McKEEVER KH, HINCHCLIFF KW, REED SH, HAMLIN RL (1993a). Splenectomy alters blood pressure response to incremental treadmill exercise in horses. Am. J. Physiol. 265(2 Pt2), R409-413.
McKEEVER KH, HINCHCLIFF KW, REED SM, ROBERTSON JT (1993b). Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses. Equine Vet. J. 25(3), 233-236.
McKENZIE EC, HINCHCLIFF KW, VALBERG SJ, WILLIAMSON KK, PAYTON ME, DAVIS MS (2008). Assessment of alterations in triglyceride and glycogen concentrations in muscle tissue of Alaskan sled dogs during repetitive prolonged exercise. Am. J. Vet. Res. 69(8), 1097-1103.
MUÑOZ A, CUESTA I, RIBER C, GATA J, TRIGO P, CASTEJON FM (2006). Trot asymmetry in relation to physical performance and metabolism in equine endurance rides. Equine Vet. J. 36, 50-54.
MUÑOZ A, RIBER C, SANTISTEBAN R, LUCAS RG, CASTEJÓN FM (2002). Effect of training duration and exercise on blood-borne substrates, plasma lactate and enzyme concentrations in Andalusian, Anglo-Arabian and Arabian breeds. Equine Vet. J. 34, 245-251. MUÑOZ A, RIBER C, SANTISTEBAN R, RUBIO MD, AGÜERA EI, CASTEJÓN FM (1999). Cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations in horses competing in cross-country events. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(1), 13-20.
MUÑOZ A, RIBER C, TRIGO P, CASTEJÓN F (2010a). Muscle damage, hydration, electrolyte balance and vasopressin concentrations in successful and exhausted endurance horses. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 13(2), 373-379.
MUÑOZ A, RIBER C, TRIGO P, CASTEJÓN FM, LUCAS RG, PALACIO J (2011). The effects of hypertonic dehydration changes on renal function and arginine vasopressin in the horse during pulling exercises. Vet. J. 189(1), 83- 88.
MUÑOZ A, RIBER C, TRIGO P, CASTEJÓN- RIBER C, CASTEJÓN FM (2010b). Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and renin- angiotensin-aldosterone-vasopressin axis in successful and unsuccessful endurance horses. Equine Vet. J. 38, 83-90.
NAGY A, MURRAY JK, DYSON SJ (2010). Elimination from elite endurance rides in nine countries: a preliminary study. Equine Vet. J. 38, 637-643.
NAGY A, MURRAY JK, DYSON SJ (2014). Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for eliminations from Fédération Equestre International endurance rides due to lameness and metabolic reasons (2008-2011). Equine Vet. J. 46(1), 38-44
NIELSEN J, ORTENBLAD N (2013). Physiological aspects of the subcellular localization of glycogen in skeletal muscle. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 38(2), 91-99.
PERSSON SGB (1967). On blood volume and working capacity of horses. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 19, 9-189.
PRINCE A, GEOR R, HARRIS P, HOEKSTRA K, GARDNER S, HODSON C, PAGAN J (2002). Comparison of the metabolic responses of trained Arabians and Thoroughbreds during high- and low-intensity exercise. Equine Vet. J. 34, 95-99. REYNOLDS AJ, CAREY DP, REINHART GA, SWENSON RA, KALLFELZ FA (1997). Effect of post-exercise carbohydrate supplementation on muscle glycogen repletion in trained sled dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58(11), 1252-1256.
ROSE RJ, ARNOLD KS, CHURCH S, PARIS R (1980). Plasma and sweat electrolyte concentrations in the horse during long distance exercise. Equine Vet. J. 12(1), 19-22.
SCHOTT HC 2nd, MARLIN DJ, GEOR RJ,
HOLBROOK TC, DEATON CM, VINCENT T, DACRE K, SCHROTER RC, JOSE- CUNILLERAS E, CORNELISSE CJ (2006). Changes in selected physiological and laboratory measurements in elite horses competing in a 160 km endurance ride. Equine Vet. J. 36, 37-48.
SCHOTT HC 2nd, McGLADE KS, MOLANDER
HA, LEROUX AJ, HINES MT (1997). Body weight, fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal changes in horses competing in 50- and 100-mile endurance rides. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58(3), 303-309. SCHUBACK E, ESSÉN-GUSTAVSSON B (1998). Muscle anaerobic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred trotters. Equine Vet. J. 30(6), 504-510.
SCOPPETTA F, TARTAGLIA H, RENZONE G, AVELLINI L, GAITI A, SCALONI A, CHIARADIA E (2012). Plasma protein changes in horses after prolonged physical exercise: a proteomic study. J. Proteomics 75(1), 4494-4504. SERRANO MG, EVANS DL, HODGSON JL (2002). Heart rate and blood lactate responses during exercise in preparation for eventing competition. Equine Vet. J. 34, 135-139.
SKINNER JS, McLELLAN TM (1980). The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 51(1), 234-248.
SLOET VAN OLDRUITENBORGH-
OOSTERBAAN M, SPIERENBURG AJ, VAN DEN BROEK ET (2006). The workload of riding-school horses during jumping. Equine Vet.
J. 36, 93-97.
SPOONER HS, NIELSEN BD, SCHOTT HC 2nd,
HARRIS PA (2010). Sweat composition in Arabian horses performing endurance exercise on forage-based, low Na rations. Equine Vet. J. 38, 382-386.
TOFÉ E, MUÑOZ A, CASTEJÓN F, TRIGO P, CASTEJÓN-RIBER C, GÓMEZ-DÍEZ M, RIBER C (2013). Behaviour of renin angiotensin aldosterone axis during pulling exercises in euhydrated and dehydrated horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 95(2), 616-622.
VAN ERCK E (2011). Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases. Equine Vet. J. 40, 18-24.
VOTION DM, GNAIGER E, LEMIEUX H, MOUITHYS-MICKALAD A, SERTEYN D (2012). Physical fitness and mitochondrial respiratory capacity in horse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 7(4), e34890.
WALLER AP, LINDINGER MI (2010). Nutritional aspects of post exercise skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis in horses: a comparative review. Equine Vet. J. 42(3), 274- 281.
WEBER JM, BRICHON G, ZWINGELSEIN G, McCLELLAND G, SAUCEDO C, WEIBEL ER, TAYLOR CR (1996a). Design of the oxygen and
substrate pathways IV. Partitioning energy provision from fatty acids. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1667-1674.
WEBER JM, ROBERTS TJ, VOCK R, WEIBEL ER, TAYLOR CR (1996b). Design of the oxygen and substrate pathways. III. Partitioning energy provision from carbohydrates. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1659-1666.
WEIBEL ER, TAYLOR CR, WEBER JM, ROCK R, ROBERTS TJ, HOPPELER H (1996). Design of the oxygen and substrate pathways. VII. Different structural limits for oxygen and substrate supply to muscle mitochondria. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1699-1709.
WILLIAMS CA, BURK AO (2012). Antioxidant status in elite three-day event horses during competition. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. ID 572090, pp. 1-8.
WILLIAMSON LH, ANDREWS FM, MAYKUTH PL, WHITE SL, GREEN EM (1996). Biochemical changes in three-day event horses at the beginning, middle and end of phase C and after phase D. Equine Vet. J. 22, 92-98. ZOBBA R, ARDU M, NICOLLINI S, CUBEDDU F, DiMAURO C, BONELLI P, DEDOLA C, VISCO S, PARPAGLIA MLP (2011). Physical, hematological, and biochemical responses to acute intense exercise in polo horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 31(9), 542-548.