C HAPTER T WO
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.8 Methods for assessing estrogenicity
• r. c.1ch of the Stntc ,,ere token fur A ·\S .:inul) ,1s ot
\\atcr and biolog1col 1na1cnuls ,rom
. .
d Oc\'clopnient (CE RD) ro ensure n,finb1ht) of the
Cen� for Energy Rc:$c111Ch an laborn101')· anal y�i s.
· 1 1 ·
. .
done 111101111 s11111 ar popu Dllon 8(uup �clec1«1
01c Pl'c·tc:st O IC f tJ UCSliOnO,ll11: q \\TIS
f J (l:gbcJorc LG,\ or Osun St.itcJ Ill orJcr lo lrom a .cmi ruml communll) of O ate o
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onsun, thot possible ambiguiHcs were removed with th e aim of ensuriog high mlidi�· of the study.
3. 13. Ootn Annlysb
Data collected \Vere analysed \vith the a,d of personal computer.;. TI1e SPSS statistical package (version I I) \Vas en1ployed in nnalyt.1ng !he data The mc.isures of centml tendency and dispersion \\'ere used using appropriate s1a1is1icol 1cs1s including p
valucs, chi-square and odds ratio. Levels of arsenic \\Cre ca1egoriscd in10 three rnngcs on the basis of level of risk associa1cd \\·ith differen1 conccntrarion of arsenic rn U1c body using the \VI 10 MCL of O.OSmg/1 as a reference guide (Xiaojuan, lhiyoo, Chenping and Lingui Titcse are: 2006, Uuam, BhaJon ct al. 2000, \VJ,-fQ, 198.J).
n. Lo\, Risk (relotivcl) Safe) b. Moderate Risk
e. High Risk - 0.00 O.OSmgtl
0.06-0.09mgll 0. IO and nbo, e
For ilie analysis of the biologicnl samples, levels of arsenic ,vcrc categorised into four based on the level of nsk (A TSDJt'lJSDOII, 200'1, A ISDR 2000; Iyeng ar and
\Voirtic-t., J 988). These cotegorizotion:. ,,en: baSCd on;
o. No Arsenic risk ---- O.Orng/l
b. Lov. arsenic risk- --- O.O I-O. 19 mg/I c. tvlodero1c nrscnic risk-·-0-2•2.0mg/l
thlln ' Ontf 'I d 11. nl. • 1�. orscn l n··k ---n1orc c � ·-· -·
. 1 obtnin c.xposurc rote• on1ong the populn1ton hnscd Tiii:1 llrullysis "'llS earned out o
. onccntrnrion. ,\lso W1 attempt '"" mad e: 10 csumurc on the: �uspccted factor ol arsenic c
d' 1!iC:lsc: rhl.. assoc,otcd \Y1l ex , h posun:
. . .
·
. 'led 10 c)t,1hlbh the 1cs1 of s11:n11icnncc: nit'
Ch J·S<1uare sto1,s11ca . · · · I tool ,v,h 11·
h r. 15 ,1 )l111istical o �oci,11111n bet\\ l·cn c:..po1urc Cli!cuiatcd ·v· lu. D.'.(cruiin \,hc:thc:r I c c
. . . .
Jl a c
,r . of interest Uy con, c111ton, 11 f)•Vnluc 1� lc;.5 or
�t.ltll!; and occurrence of hcallh con lllon
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AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
equal 10 0.0s, ;, ;, 1eg,n!ed
es SlallsHcally ,;gn;fi<an1 The sm allc, 1 h, p-,al,e fhc ,vea,c, fhe Sfnhshcal assoe;a,fon
and the Pn>bob;1;,y fhOI lhc assocf ohon ;, no, doe IQ
chance alone. 1 lo,vcvcr 1h1s moy Odds m1;0 (OR) was no1 ncccssnnl}· cstoblish causa11on.
usod 10 measu« 1he '1rength of 1hc assodahon ""'""n risk foc,o, and outcome. Log;,,;o 1egn,s
,fon model ,na1,,,, ""' cruricd ou, usfog log;s,k re,vcss;on p,cd;c,;v, model 10 "hma1c the •ff cc1
of fi,c (SJ fac,oB of 1he ph)skaf ch,,..c,,risllcs of""" from bo1h BH
ond DIV on""°"' co"""'"1;on in the >ru nplc, If lhc model hos good fil, lhen ""
combma,;on of lhc foe10B ""Id be used 10 delennine 11,e Pn:sence o, absence of •Bon;, ,n '"" 1e, The d a " we« 1 h00, in lc,p101cd ""' conclusions dra\vn from observo11ons in line ,vi1h the srared obJcet1ves of !he srud)
3,1-1. Ethicnl Issues
Each of lhc selected commun1tics ,vcre conLOctcd rn adv:incc through loeal COntoeis \Vho ,vcre public health ,vorkc:rs 1\'ork1ng in each community. The.> in tum
A-- d fi ·
·th eommuni1y leaders through \\luch the purpose of the stud.>
-•QJ1ge or meetings \11 .... e�p a1ne 10 t 1cm un
\\·n,· I · d I
d thei·r consent 10 pnrtic1pare in rhe study obrained. The I leallh uepartmen1 of coc L 11'llS
·' h GA also conractcd 10 inf om, them of Ilic srud> and clieir rhc1r
<=Oopcralron. In oil the communr , ... . I ... the local hcalrh sraJ) nss1s1cd rn darn collection.
.l. IS. Limitation,
f r.h country did nor allo\\ for the surd.> 10 CO\ er all The geogrnplucol extent o c
. .
f lh fcdcm1ion and ns such the .srudy ,1·os lrnurcd ro lhc conunun,1ies 1n ol the �1a1cs O c
COl!c:cling baseline dn!n 1h 0 1 cou
Id be used for fururc studies. .
. sampling fnunc: fron1 wluch o �nn1plc could be h ,�-as not possible lo obtnrn o
l'ly pattern of 1110�1 of rhc deep Wl'II� and rhc d,n\\TI · I hi s \\:Os bccau.sc of the �c.isono 1
• 1 d cp 11cll rf sclcc1cd \\OUld he fune11011,1I 111 rhc lltflicul(. · • . , that ) ,n '"'"nn G II p.irtrcu or c
f I· o, o I ll'O""d '"'" '"""" "'" ""'� o, lime of \\"fttc:r collection. Hence, s.: ec r
. . I
1 . king purposes 1n p.tnrcu or.
fu,1Clronoli1y as ,veil as the use of if fort nn
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Th, possibility orb;., ,csulhng from recall loss ;, on,i,ag,d wh,n ooll«t;ng infonnotion rego"Hng types of ;u.,.,,, "P'Oonood m th, lo,t ,;, month,. Th;, ""' controlled for by corroborating infom1011on \\'tlh case files of subjects 1n the hospi1nls.
lde,lly t°" n,;1 would ho,, "'"''d o more u,eful biologioal "mpl,. b•t the lok,li suspicion that 1s attached to such biological specimen in Nigeria made it difficult to convince people to donutc 1J1eir toe nail. hence urine and blood \vhich nrc c,asier through rou11ne nonnal clinical procedures h ,vns also biological specimen \\'ere hn1itcd to difficult to obLain biological samples fron1 some of the con1mun1ties due 10 perceived suspicion that the results might be used forsome other purposes aside the one explained to them. Tbc possibility of the blood analysis revealing Hrv status \\Us high nmong the reasons given for refusal. Therefore not all the:intended co1nn1uni11es could he: co, crcd for the biological san1pling.
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CllAPTER FOUR
In document
Biological Activity of Steroid Analogues:Synthesis and Receptor/Enzyme Interactions
(Page 58-61)