Chapter 2: Practical cooling strategies during continuous exercise in
2.3 Methods
5.3 Recommendations
The following recommendations are necessary from the work:
1. The cooking efficiency of coal briquettes can be improved by blending with wastes such as rice husk and corn cob thereby reducing the environmental problems associated with the open burning of the wastes.
2. The use of briquette should be given wide publicity in Nigeria due to the imminent wood shortage and scarcity of other energy sources.
3. Since briquetting technology is not a new innovation, it is therefore recommended that the rural population should be encouraged to adopt the technology by making available to them the fabricating machines to reduce the pressure mounted on the forest in search of fuel wood.
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APPENDIX 1A
ANOVA Table of the Ash content of the briquette binders Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement (%)
11 264.71 24.06455 8.143647 Bitumen (%)
11 209.71 19.06455 2.254347 CaSO4 (%)
11 267.79 24.34455 10.63599 Starch (%) 11 220.84 20.07636 2.500305
APPENDIX 1B
ANOVA Table of the ash content of some briquette composition Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 101.57 25.3925 19.91189
60% C : 40% RH 4 90.65 22.6625 9.969092 40% CCB : 60% C 4 91.31 22.8275 6.855158
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 18.7458 2 9.3729 0.765423 0.493181175 4.25649473 Within Groups 110.2084 9 12.24538
Total 128.9542 11
APPENDIX 1C
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (Ash content)
60% C : 40% RH 40% CCB : 60% C
Mean 22.6625 22.8275
Variance 9.969091667 6.855158333
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 1.454246741
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.382846829 F Critical one-tail 15.43918238
APPENDIX 1D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Ash content)
60% C : 40% RH 40% CCB : 60% C
Mean 22.6625 22.8275
Variance 9.969091667 6.855158333
Observations 4 4
Pooled Variance 8.412125
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat -0.080453711
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.469246427 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.938492854 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846
APPENDIX 2A
ANOVA Table of the fixed carbon of the briquette binders SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement (%) 11 435.09 39.55364 110.4749 Bitumen (%)
11 517.31 47.02818 115.5225 CaSO4 (%) 11 421.27 38.29727 119.6615 Starch (%) 11 449.54 40.86727 123.9018
APPENDIX 2B
ANOVA Table of the fixed carbon of some briquette composition SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 242.6 60.65 12.00547
60% C : 40% RH 4 204.01 51.0025 22.78283 40% CCB : 60% C 4 163.34 40.835 11.12403
ANOVA Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 785.448717 2 392.7244 25.66137 0.000191393 4.25649473 Within Groups 137.736975 9 15.30411
Total 923.185692 11
APPENDIX 2C F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (fixed carbon)
60% C : 40% RH 40% CCB : 60% C
Mean 51.0025 40.835
Variance 22.782825 11.12403333
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 2.048072342
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.285493221 F Critical one-tail 15.43918238
APPENDIX 2D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (fixed carbon) 60% C : 40% RH 40% CCB : 60% C
Mean 51.0025 40.835
Variance 22.782825 11.12403333
Observations 4 4
Pooled Variance 16.95342917 Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat 3.492210396
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.006474234 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.012948469 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846
APPENDIX 3A
ANOVA Table of the moisture content of the briquette binders SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement (%) 11 44.49 4.044545 1.641947 Bitumen (%) 11 35.32 3.210909 0.733209 CaSO4 (%) 11 41.62 3.783636 1.147445
Starch (%) 11 46.2 4.2 1.73926
APPENDIX 3B
ANOVA Table of the moisture content of some briquette composition SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 9.92 2.48 0.066867
60%C:40%RH 4 14.61 3.6525 0.398225
60%C:40%CCB 4 11.57 2.8925 0.068625
ANOVA Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 2.830017 2 1.415008 7.953705 0.010247 4.256495 Within Groups 1.60115 9 0.177906
Total 4.431167 11
APPENDIX 3C
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (moisture content)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 3.6525 2.8925
Variance 0.398225 0.068625
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 5.80291439
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.091339907 F Critical one-tail 15.43918238
APPENDIX 3D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (moisture content)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 3.6525 2.8925
Variance 0.398225 0.068625
Observations 4 4
Pooled Variance 0.233425
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat 2.224615231
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.033883068 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.067766137 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846
APPENDIX 4A ANOVA Table of the density of the briquette binders SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement 11 4.711 0.428273 0.037744 Bitumen 11 3.933 0.357545 0.029855 CaSO4 11 4.66 0.423636 0.037516 Starch 11 4.229 0.384455 0.02538
APPENDIX 4B ANOVA Table of the density of some briquette composition SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 3.116 0.779 0.004967
60%C:40%RH 4 1.763 0.44075 0.001502 60%C:40%CCB 4 1.653 0.41325 0.001267
ANOVA Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.331923 2 0.165962 64.36084 4.66E-06 4.256495 Within Groups 0.023208 9 0.002579
Total 0.355131 11
APPENDIX 4C F-Test Two-Sample for Variances
(Density)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 0.44075 0.41325
Variance 0.00150225 0.001266917
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 1.185752812
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.445963051 F Critical one-tail 9.276628154
APPENDIX 4D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (Density)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 0.44075 0.41325
Variance 0.00150225 0.001266917
Observations 4 4
Pooled Variance 0.001384583 Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat 1.045172903
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.168105479 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.336210958 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846
APPENDIX 5A
ANOVA Table of the volatile matter of the briquette binders SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement (%) 11 355.71 32.33727273 136.0359018 Bitumen (%) 11 337.66 30.69636364 125.2264655 CaSO4 (%) 11 369.32 33.57454545 172.1292073 Starch (%) 11 383.42 34.85636364 132.8633255
APPENDIX 5B
ANOVA Table of the volatile matter of some briquette composition SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 45.91 11.4775 2.071758333
60%C:40%RH 4 90.73 22.6825 5.726025
60%C:40%CCB 4 133.78 33.445 0.5231
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 965.27265 2 482.636325 174.0090465 6.41188E-08 4.256494729 Within Groups 24.96265 9 2.773627778
Total 990.2353 11
APPENDIX 5C
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (volatile matter)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 22.6825 33.445
Variance 5.726025 0.5231
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 10.94632957
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.040066255 F Critical one-tail 15.43918238
APPENDIX 5D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances (volatile matter)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 22.6825 33.445
Variance 5.726025 0.5231
Observations 4 4
Pooled Variance 3.1245625
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat -8.610602763
P(T<=t) one-tail 6.74951E-05 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.00013499 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846
APPENDIX 6A ANOVA Table of the porosity index of the briquette binders SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance Cement (%) 11 617.47 56.13364 339.3791 Bitumen (%) 11 551.39 50.12636 287.012 CaSO4 (%) 11 615.61 55.96455 324.5265 Starch (%) 11 585.21 53.20091 298.1294
APPENDIX 6B
ANOVA Table of the porosity index of some briquette composition SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100%C 4 96.9 24.225 2.173967
60%C:40%RH 4 164.5 41.125 3.2015
60%C:40%CCB 4 201.59 50.3975 5.393492
ANOVA Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 1408.78535 2 704.3927 196.2286 3.78E-08 4.256495 Within Groups 32.306875 9 3.589653
Total 1441.092225 11
APPENDIX 6C
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances (porosity index)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 41.125 50.3975
Variance 3.2015 5.393491667
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 0.593585788
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.339419618 F Critical one-tail 0.064770269
APPENDIX 6D
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances (porosity index)
60%C:40%RH 60%C:40%CCB
Mean 41.125 50.3975
Variance 3.2015 5.393491667
Observations 4 4
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
Df 6
t Stat -6.325634693
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000364827 t Critical one-tail 1.943180274 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000729654 t Critical two-tail 2.446911846