The microfluidics integration of gold-on-silicon nitride membranes was performed by mechanical engineering team as the project of Carlos Escobedo.
Fig. Cl shows the components of the microfluidic chip with integrated flow-through nanohole arrays. A 1.6 mm diameter hole was milled on a commercial glass slide. The gold-on-silicon nitride film was fixed to the holed glass slide using NOA
81 optical adhesive (Norland, Cranbury, NJ). A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip was fabricated using a replica molding technique reported elsewhere [141]. A master was fabricated by spin-coating SU-8 50 photoresist (MicroChem Corp., Newton, MA)
onto a clean 3 inch silicon wafer (Silicon Quest International Ine, Santa Clara, CA).The mask used to create the microfluidic pattern, consisted of a 4 mm center reservoir and two 1.5 mm reservoirs for tubing access, all interconnected by a 200 µp? wide microchannel. The mask was placed over the coated wafer and exposed to UV light
¦/¦
Figure Cl: Schematic of the chip assembly showing the integration of nanohole arrays in gold-on-silicon nitride with microfluidics.
for 120 seconds and post-baked for 5 min. at 95 0C. The exposed wafer was devel-oped using SU-8 developer (MicroChem Corp., Newton, MA) and then hard baked at 65 0C for 1 minute and at 95 0C for 12 minutes. A degassed mixture of Sylgard 184 elastomer (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) and its curing agent at a 13:1 ratio was molded on the master. A separate PDMS layer was cast in a Petri dish with a clean silicon wafer to create a solid 1 mm thick PDMS spacer. After baking at 85 0C for 20 minutes, the replica and the spacer were removed from the molds. Two 1 mm holes for tubing connection and a centered 6 mm hole for fluid access were punched in the microfluidic replica and in the spacer, respectively. The replica and the spacer were exposed to oxygen plasma and irreversible bonded. The resulting assembly was irreversibly bonded to the holed glass slide with the fixed film.
Valve
Figure C. 2: Schematic of the experimental setup to facilitate flow-through nanohole
arrays.
Fig. C. 2 shows a schematic of the experimental setup for fluid delivery to and through the nanohole arrays. On one side, a syringe pump, a shut-off inlet valve and the PDMS chip were connected via 1/16 OD Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene tubing.
On the other side, a valve was connected to the chip outlet and the regulator of an Argon (Ar) tank. The syringe pump was used to fill the reservoir below the silicon nitride side of the nanohole arrays via the microfluidic chip. To drive fluid through the nanohole arrays at controlled pressure, the argon tank was used. While the gold-on-Si3N4 membranes proved very effective at supporting pressures required for flow-through operation, care was required to avoid damaging the membrane. Specifically, uncontrolled pressures generated by inserting or removing fluidic connections to an otherwise sealed chip could rupture the membrane.
For the fluorescein flow-through visualization tests, a chip assembly containing 15x15 µ??2 nanohole arrays with periodicities of 450 nm and hole diameters of 300 nm, 280 nm, 270 nm, 260 nm and 250 nm was used. The Au-coated side of the membrane
faced towards the 1Ox microscope objective. Fig. 5.9(b) shows a microscope image of six arrays of nanoholes, and a test pattern (TP) as lighter regions near the center of the image. The microfluidic circuit was opened by disconnecting the tubing at the barb connector and the chip was filled with filtered 1 mM fluorescein aqueous solution via the syringe pump. The syringe-side valve was then shut and the tubing reconnected at the barb connector with the outlet valve in off position. The nanohole arrays were then visualized using the epi-fluorescent microscope and CCD camera. To facilitate wetting, 3 µ\ of ethanol was in the hole in the glass slide of the chip assembly.
The Ar tank regulator was set to a pressure of 10 psi and the corresponding valve opened. Immediately after, images were acquired at a rate of 2 frames per second and exposure time of 343 ms. The images were 1324x1024 pixels and had an 8-bit dynamic range. The fluorescent solution streams observed exiting from the nanohole arrays end entered the ethanol environment, as shown in Fig. 5.9(c). The subsequent
movement of the streams was due to thermal and surface tension related currents in
the much larger ethanol environment. In an all microfluidic/nanofluidic environment these oscillations would not be present.
Bibliography
[1] W. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Surface plasmon subwavelength optics," Nature, vol. 424, p. 824, 2003.
[2] H. J. Lezec, A. Degiron, E. Devaux, R. A. Linke, L. Martín-Moreno, F. J.
Garcia-Vidal, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Beaming light from a subwavelength aper-ture," Science, vol. 297, no. 5582, p. 820, 2002.
[3] I. I. Smolyaninov, A. V. Zayats, and C. C. Davis, "Near-field second harmonic
generation from a rough metal surface," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 56, no. 15, p. 9290,1997.
[4] A. Nahata, R. A. Linke, T. Ishi, and K. Ohashi, "Enhanced nonlinear optical
conversion from a periodically nanostructured metal film," Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, p. 423, 2003.[5] A. V. Zayats, T. Kalkbrenner, V. Sandoghdar, and J. Mlynek,
"Second-harmonic generation from individual surface defects under local excitation,"Phys. Rev. B, vol. 61, no. 7, p. 4545, 2000.
[6] J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, "Surface plasmon resonance sensors:
Review," Sens. Actuators B, vol. 54, p. 3, 1999.
[7] S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, K. Leosson, and A. Boltasseva, "Bend loss in surface plasmon polariton band-gap structures," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 79, p. 1076, 2001.
[8] H. Ditlbacher, J. R. Krenn, G. Schider, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, "Two-dimensional optics with surface plasmon polaritons," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 81, p. 1762, 2002.
[9] J. R. Krenn, B. Lamprecht, H. Ditlbacher, G. Schider, M. Salerno, A.
Leit-ner, and F. R. Aussenegg, "Non-diffraction-limited light transport by gold nanowires," Europhys. Lett, vol. 60, p. 663, 2002.[10] D. Pile and D. Gramotnev, "Channel plasmon-polariton in a triangular groove on a metal surface," Opt. Lett, vol. 29, p. 1069, 2004.
[11] J.-C. Weeber, J. R. Krenn, A. Dereux, B. Lamprecht, Y. Lacroute, and J. P.
Goudonnet, "Near-field observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation on thin metal stripes," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 64, p. 045411, 2001.
[12] R. Zia, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, "Dielectric waveguide model for
guided surface polaritons," Opt. Lett., vol. 30, p. 1473, 2005.[13] M. A. Cooper, "Optical biosensors in drug discovery," Nat. Rev. Drug
Discov-ery, vol. 1, no. 7, p. 515, 2002.[14] M. E. Stewart, C. R. Anderton, L. B. Thompson, J. Maria, S. K. Gray, J. A.
Rogers, and R. G. Nuzzo, "Nanostructured plasmonic sensors," Chem. Rev.,
vol. 108, no. 2, p. 494, 2008.
[15] K. A. Tetz, L. Pang, and Y. Fainman, "High-resolution surface plasmon reso-nance sensor based on linewidth-optimized nanohole array transmittance," Opt.
Lett, vol. 31, no. 10, p. 1528, 2006.
[16] L. Pang, G. M. Hwang, B. Slutsky, and Y. Fainman, "Spectral sensitivity of two-dimensional nanohole array surface plasmon polariton resonance sensor,"
Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 91, no. 12, p. 123112, 2007.
[17] A. Lesuffleur, H. Im, N. C. Lindquist, and S.-H. Oh, "Periodic nanohole arrays with shape-enhanced plasmon resonance as real-time biosensors," Appi. Phys.
Lett, vol. 90, no. 24, p. 243110, 2007.
[18] P. R. H. Stark, A. E. Halleck, and D. N. Larson, "Short order nanohole arrays in metals for highly sensitive probing of local indices of refraction as the basis for a highly multiplexed biosensor technology," Methods, vol. 37, p. 37, 2005.
[19] A. D. Leebeeck, L. K. S. Kumar, V. de Lange, D. Sinton, R. Gordon, and A. G.
Brolo, "On-chip surface-based detection with nanohole arrays," Anal. Chem., vol. 79, p. 4094, 2007.
[20] A. Lesuffleur, H. Im, N. C. Lindquist, K. S. Lim, , and S.-H. Oh,
"Laser-illuminated nanohole arrays for multiplex plasmonic microarray sensing," Opt.Express, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 219, 2008.
[21] J. C. Sharpe, J. S. Mitchell, L. Lin, N. Sedoglavich, and R. J. Blaikie, "Gold
nanohole array substrates as immunobiosensors," Anal. Chem., vol. 80, no. 6, p. 2244, 2008.[22] R. Gordon, D. Sinton, A. G. Brolo, and K. L. Kavanagh, "Plasmonic sensors based on nano-holes: technology and integration," vol. 6959, p. 695913, SPIE,
2008.
[23] F. Eftekhari and R. Gordon, "Geometric optics method for surface plasmon integrated circuits," Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 18, p. 11595, 2007.
[24] F. Eftekhari and R. Gordon, "Enhanced second harmonic generation from non-centrosymmetric nano-hole arrays in a gold film," IEEE JSTQE, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1552, 2008.
[25] F. Eftekhari, R. Gordon, J. Ferreira, A. G. Brolo, and D. Sinton, "Polarization-dependent sensing of a self-assembled monolayer using biaxial nanohole arrays,"
Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 92, no. 25, p. 253103, 2008.
[26] F. Eftekhari, C. Escobedo, J. Ferreira, X. Duan, E. M. Girotto, A. G. Brolo,
R. Gordon, and D. Sinton, "Nanoholes as nanochannels: Flow-through plas-monic sensing," Anal. Chem., vol. 81, no. 11, p. 4308, 2009.
[27] R. Ritchie, "Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films," Phys. Rev., vol. 106, p. 874, 1957.
[28] A. V. Zayats and I. I. Smolyaninov, "Near-field photonics: surface plasmon
polaritons and localized surface plasmons," J. Opt. A: Pure Appi. Opt, vol. 5, no. 4, p. S16, 2003.[29] H. Raether, Surface Plasmon on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings.
Springer-Verlag, 1988.
[30] M. Fox, Optical Properties of Solids. Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.
[31] W. L. Barnes, "Surface plasmon–polariton length scales: a route to sub-wavelength optics," J. Opt. A, vol. 8, no. 4, p. S87, 2006.
[32] T. Thio, H. J. Lezec, T. W. Ebbesen, K. M. Pellerin, G. D. Lewen, A. Na-hata, and R. A. Linke, "Giant optical transmission of sub-wavelength apertures:
physics and applications," Nanotechnology, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 429, 2002.
[33] S. C. Hohng, Y. C. Yoon, D. S. Kim, V. Malyarchuk, R. Müller, C. Lienau, J. Park, K. H. Yoo, J. Kim, H. Ryu, , and Q. H. Park, "Light emission from the shadows: Surface plasmon nano-optics at near and far fields," Appi. Phys.
Lett, vol. 81, p. 3239, 2002.
[34] D. S. Kim, S. C. Hohng, V. Malyarchuk, Y. C. Yoon, Y. H. Ahn, K. J. Yee, J. Park, J. Kim, Q. H. Park, and C. Lienau, "Microscopic origin of surface-plasmon radiation in surface-plasmonic band-gap nanostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 91, p. 143901, 2003.
[35] E. S. Kwak, J. Henzie, S. H. Chang, S. K. Gray, G. C. Schatz, , and T. Odom,
"Surface plasmon standing waves in large-area subwavelength hole arrays,"
Nano Lett, vol. 5, p. 1963, 2005.
[36] F. Renna, D. Cox, and G. Brambilla, "Efficient sub-wavelength light
confine-ment using surface plasmon polaritons in tapered fibers," Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 7658, 2009.[37] T. Holmgaard, Z. Chen, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, L. Markey, A. Dereux, A. V.
Krasavin, , and A. V. Zayats, "Wavelength selection by dielectric-loaded plas-monic components," Appi. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, p. 051111, 2009.
[38] H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, "Surface plasmons enhance optical transmission through subwavelength holes," Phys.
Rev. B, vol. 58, no. 11, p. 6779, 1998.
[39] T. W. Ebbesen, H. J. Lezec, H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, and P. A. Wolff,
"Ex-traordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays," Nature, vol. 391, p. 667, 1998.[40] H. A. Bethe, "Theory of diffraction by small holes," Phys. Rev., vol. 66, no. 7-8, pp. 163-, 1944.
[41] J. A. Porto, F. J. García-Vidal, and J. B. Pendry, "Transmission resonances on metallic gratings with very narrow slits," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, no. 14, p. 2845, 1999.
[42] S. A. Darmanyan and A. V. Zayats, "Light tunneling via resonant surface
plas-mon polariton states and the enhanced transmission of periodically nanostruc-tured metal films: An analytical study," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 67, no. 3, p. 035424,2003.
[43] K. J. K. Koerkamp, S. Enoch, F. B. Segerink, N. F. van Hülst, and L. Kuipers,
"Strong influence of hole shape on extraordinary transmission through periodic arrays of subwavelength holes," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 92, no. 18, p. 183901,
2004.
[44] K. L. van der Molen, K. J. K. Koerkamp, S. Enoch, F. B. Segerink, N. F. van
Hülst, and L. Kuipers, "Role of shape and localized resonances in extraordinary transmission through periodic arrays of subwavelength holes: Experiment and theory," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 72, no. 4, p. 045421, 2005.[45] F. J. García-Vidal, L. Martín-Moreno, E. Moreno, L. K. S. Kumar, and R. Gor-don, "Transmission of light through a single rectangular hole in a real metal,"
Phys. Rev. B, vol. 74, no. 15, p. 153411, 2006.
[46] H. J. Lezec and T. Thio, "Diffracted evanescent wave model for enhanced and suppressed optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays," Opt. Ex-press, vol. 12, no. 16, p. 3629, 2004.
[47] M. Sarrazin and J.-P. Vigneron, "Optical properties of tungsten thin films perfo-rated with a bidimensional array of subwavelength holes," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 016603, 2003.
[48] R. Gordon, "Bethe's aperture theory for arrays," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 76, no. 5, p. 053806, 2007.
[49] F. Przybilla, A. Degiron, C. Genet, T. Ebbesen, F. de Léon-Pérez, J. Bravo-Abad, F. J. García-Vidal, and L. Martín-Moreno, "Efficiency and finite size effects in enhanced transmission through subwavelength apertures," Opt. Ex-press, vol. 16, no. 13, p. 9571, 2008.
[50] A. Degiron and T. W. Ebbesen, "The role of localized surface plasmon modes in the enhanced transmission of periodic subwavelength apertures," J. Opt. A:
Pure Appi Opt, vol. 7, no. 2, p. S90, 2005.
[51] A. Degiron, H. J. Lezec, W. L. Barnes, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Effects of hole
depth on enhanced light transmission through subwavelength hole arrays,"Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 81, no. 23, p. 4327, 2002.
[52] I. I. Smolyaninov, A. V. Zayats, A. Stanishevsky, and C. C. Davis, "Optical control of photon tunneling through an array of nanometer-scale cylindrical channels," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 66, no. 20, p. 205414, 2002.
[53] A. V. Shchegrov, I. V. Novikov, and A. A. Maradudin, "Scattering of surface plasmon polaritons by a circularly symmetric surface defect," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 78, no. 22, p. 4269, 1997.
[54] D. S. Kim, S. C. Hohng, V. Malyarchuk, Y. C. Yoon, Y. H. Ahn, K. J. Yee, J. W. Park, J. Kim, Q. H. Park, and C. Lienau, "Microscopic origin of surface plasmon radiation in plasmonic band-gap nanostructures," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 91, pp. 143901-1, 2003.
[55] R. Müller, V. Malyarchuk, and C. Lienau, "Three-dimensional theory on light-induced near-field dynamics in a metal film with a periodic array of nanoholes,"
Phys. Rev. B, vol. 68, no. 20, p. 205415, 2003.
[56] L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. García-Vidal, H. J. Lezec, K. M. Pellerin, T. Thio, J. B. Pendry, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Theory of extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, no. 6, p. 1114,
2001.
[57] F. J. García-Vidal, E. Moreno, J. A. Porto, and L. Martin-Moreno, "Transmis-sion of light through a single rectangular hole," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 95, no. 10, p. 103901, 2005.
[58] A. Degiron, H. J. Lezec, N. Yamamoto, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Optical
trans-mission properties of a single subwavelength aperture in a real metal," Opt.Commun., vol. 239, no. 1-3, p. 61, 2004.
[59] R. Gordon and A. G. Brolo, "Increased cut-off wavelength for a subwavelength hole in a real metal," Opt. Express, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 1933, 2005.
[60] R. Gordon, L. K. S. Kumar, and A. G. Brolo, "Resonant light transmission through a nanohole in a metal film," IEEE Trans. NanotechnoL, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 291, 2006.
[61] S. G. Rodrigo, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, and L. Martin-Moreno, "Influence of material
properties on extraordinary optical transmission through hole arrays," Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), vol. 77, no. 7, p. 075401,2008.
[62] R. M. Roth, N. C. Panoiu, M. M. Adams, J. I. Dadap, and J. Richard
M. Osgood, "Polarization-tunable plasmon-enhanced extraordinary transmis-sion through metallic films using asymmetric cruciform apertures," Opt. Lett., vol. 32, no. 23, p. 3414, 2007.[63] A. V. Krasavin, A. S. Schwanecke, N. I. Zheludev, M. Reichelt, T. Stroucken,
S. W. Koch, and E. M. Wright, "Polarization conversion and "focusing" of light propagating through a small chiral hole in a metallic screen," Appi. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, no. 20, p. 201105, 2005.[64] F. Przybilla, A. Degiron, J.-Y. Laluet, C. Genet, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Optical
transmission in perforated noble and transition metal films," J. Opt. A: Pure Appi. Opt., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 458.[65] T. Thio, H. F. Ghaemi, H. J. Lezec, P. A. Wolff, and T. W. Ebbesen,
"Surface-plasmon-enhanced transmission through hole arrays in cr films," J. Opt. Soc.Am. B, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 1743, 1999.
[66] H. A. Atwater, "The promise of plasmonics," Scientific American, vol. 62, p. 7,
2007.
[67] J. J. Burke, G. I. Stegeman, and T. Tamir, "Surface-polariton-like waves guided by thin, lossy metal films," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 33, no. 8, p. 5186, 1986.
[68] R. Charbonneau, P. Berini, E. Berolo, and E. Lisicka-Shrzek, "Experimental observation of plasmon polariton waves supported by a thin metal film of finite width," Opt. Lett, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 844, 2000.
[69] P. Berini, R. Charbonneau, N. Lahoud, and G. Mattiussi, "Characterization of long-range surface-plasmon-polariton waveguides," J. Appi. Phys., vol. 98, no. 4, p. 043109, 2005.
[70] B. Lamprecht, J. R. Krenn, G. Schider, H. Ditlbacher, M. Salerno, N. Felidj, A. Leitner, F. R. Aussenegg, and J. C. Weeber, "Surface plasmon propagation in microscale metal stripes," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 79, no. 1, p. 51, 2001.
[71] J.-C. Weeber, J. R. Krenn, A. Dereux, B. Lamprecht, Y. Lacroute, and J. P.
Goudonnet, "Near-field observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation on thin metal stripes," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 045411, 2001.
[72] D. Sarid, "Long-range surface-plasma waves on very thin metal films," Phys.
Rev. Lett, vol. 47, no. 26, p. 1927, 1981.
[73] R. Gordon, "Vectorial method for calculating the fresnel reflection of surface
plasmon polaritons," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, p. 039901, 2006.[74] P. Johnson and R. W. Christy, "Optical constants of the noble metals," Phys.
Rev. B, vol. 6, p. 4370, 1972.
[75] R. Zia, J. Schuller, and M. Brongersma, "Near-field characterization of guided polariton propagation and cutoff in surface plasmon waveguides," Phys. Rev.
B, vol. 74, p. 165415, 2006.
[76] A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, "Goos-hnchen shift," Appi. Opt, vol. 15, p. 236,
1976.
[77] B. E. Saleh, Fundamentals of Photonics. Wiley-Interscience, 1991.
[78] Y. Satuby and M. Orenstein, "Surface plasmon polariton waveguiding: Prom multimode stripe to a slot geometry," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 90, p. 251104,
2007.
[79] E. Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martín-Moreno, and S. I.
Bozhevolnyi, "Channel plasmon-polaritons: modal shape, dispersion, and losses," Opt. Lett, vol. 31, p. 3447, 2006.
[80] A. V. Zayats, I. I. Smolyaninov, and C. C. Davis, "Observation of localized plasmonic excitations in thin metal films with near-field second-harmonic mi-croscopy," Opt. Commun., vol. 169, no. 1-6, p. 93, 1999.
[81] N. Bloembergen, "Nonlinear optics: past, present, and future," IEEE J. SeI.
Top. Quantum Electron, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 876, Nov/Dec 2000.
[82] R. Naraoka, H. Okawa, K. Hashimoto, and K. Kajikawa, "Surface plasmon
res-onance enhanced second-harmonic generation in kretschmann configuration,"Opt. Commun., vol. 248, no. 1-3, p. 249, 2005.
[83] C. K. Chen, A. R. B. de Castro, and Y. R. Shen, "Surface-enhanced
second-harmonic generation," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 46, no. 2, p. 145, 1981.[84] K. A. O'Donnell, R. Torre, and C. S. West, "Observations of second-harmonic generation from randomly rough metal surfaces," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 55, no. 12,
p. 7985, 1997.
[85] A. Bouhelier, M. Beversluis, A. Hartschuh, and L. Novotny, "Near-field second-harmonic generation induced by local field enhancement," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 90, no. 1, p. 013903, 2003.
[86] C. C. Neacsu, G. A. Reider, and M. B. Raschke, "Second-harmonic generation from nanoscopic metal tips: Symmetry selection rules for single asymmetric nanostructures," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 71, no. 20, p. 201402, 2005.
[87] A. Hartschuh, M. R. Beversluis, A. Bouhelier, and L. Novotny, "Tip-enhanced
optical spectroscopy," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 362, p. 807, 2004.[88] B. Lamprecht, G. Schider, R. T. Lechner, H. Ditlbacher, J. R. Krenn, A. Leitner,
and F. R. Aussenegg, "Metal nanoparticle gratings: Influence of dipolar particle interaction on the plasmon resonance," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 20, p. 4721,2000.
[89] R. A. Farrer, F. L. Butterfield, V. W. Chen, and J. T. Fourkas, "Highly efficient
multiphoton-absorption-induced luminescence from gold nanoparticles," Nano Lett, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 1139, 2005.[90] C. Hubert, L. Billot, R-M. Adam, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, J. Grand, D. Gindre,
K. D. Dorkenoo, and A. Fort, "Role of surface plasmon in second harmonic generation from gold nanorods," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 90, no. 18, p. 181105,2007.
[91] M. D. McMahon, R. Lopez, J. R. F. Haglund, E. A. Ray, and P. H. Bunton,
"Second-harmonie generation from arrays of symmetric gold nanoparticles,"
Phys. Rev. B, vol. 73, no. 4, p. 041401, 2006.
[92] Y. L. M. Airóla and S. Blair, "Second-harmonic generation from an array of
sub-wavelength metal apertures," J. Opt. A: Pure Appi Opt, vol. 7, no. 2, p. S118, 2005.[93] T. Xu, X. Jiao, G. P. Zhang, and S. Blair, "Second-harmonic emission from
sub-wavelength apertures: Effects of aperture symmetry and lattice arrangement,"Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 21, p. 13894, 2007.
[94] Y. Liu, J. Bishop, L. Williams, S. Blair, and J. Herron, "Biosensing based upon
molecular confinement in metallic nanocavity arrays," Nanotechnology, vol. 15, p. 1368, 2004.[95] B. K. Canfield, H. Husu, J. Laukkanen, B. Bai, M. Kuittinen, J. Turunen, and
M. Kauranen, "Local field asymmetry drives second-harmonic generation in noncentrosymmetric nanodimers," Nano Lett, vol. 7, no. 5, p. 1251, 2007.[96] S. I. Bozhevolnyi, J. Beermann, and V. Coello, "Direct observation of localized
second-harmonic enhancement in random metal nanostructures," Phys. Rev.
Lett, vol. 90, no. 19, p. 197403, 2003.
[97] R. Gordon, A. G. Brolo, A. McKinnon, A. Rajora, B. Leathern, and K. L.
Kavanagh, "Strong polarization in the optical transmission through elliptical
nanohole arrays," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 92, no. 3, p. 037401, 2004.[98] J. A. H. van Nieuwstadt, M. Sandtke, R. H. Harmsen, F. B. Segerink, J. C.
Prangsma, S. Enoch, and L. Kuipers, "Strong modification of the nonlinear
op-tical response of metallic subwavelength hole arrays," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 97, no. 14, p. 146102, 2006.
[99] L. Novotny and C. Hafner, "Light propagation in a cylindrical waveguide with
a complex, metallic, dielectric function," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 50, no. 5, p. 4094,1994.
[100] M. Soljacic and J. D. Joannopoulos, "Enhancement of nonlinear effects using
photonic crystals," Nat. Mater., vol. 3, p. 211, 2004.[101] A. Lesuffleur, L. K. S. Kumar, and R. Gordon, "Apex-enhanced
second-harmonic generation by using double-hole arrays in a gold film," Phys. Rev.B., vol. 75, p. 045423, 2007.
[102] A. Lesuffleur and L. K. S. Kumar and R. Gordon, "Enhanced second harmonic
generation from nanoscale double-hole arrays in a gold film," Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 88, p. 261104, 2006.[103] L. K. S. Kumar and R. Gordon, "Overlapping double-hole nanostructure in a
metal film for localized field enhancement," IEEE J. SeI. Top. Quantum Elec-tron, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1228, 2006.
[104] L. K. S. Kumar, A. Lesuffleur, M. C. Hughes, and R. Gordon, "Double nanohole
apex-enhanced transmission in metal film," Appi. Phys. B., vol. 84, p. 25, 2006.[105] P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner,
"Improving the mismatch between light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas," Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 94, no. 1, p. 017402, 2005.
[106] P. Mühlschlegel, H. J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl,
"Resonant Optical Antennas," Science, vol. 308, no. 5728, p. 1607.
[107] J. Dintinger, S. Klein, F. Bustos, W. L. Barnes, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Study
of strong coupling between surface plasmon and exciton in an organic semicon-ductor," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 035424, 2005.[108] J. Dintinger, S. Klein, and T. W. Ebbesen, "Molecule-surface plasmon inter-actions in hole arrays: Enhanced absorption, refractive index changes, and all-optical switching," Adv. Mater., vol. 18, no. 10, p. 1267, 2006.
[109] J. Han, X. Lu, and W. Zhang, "Terahertz transmission in subwavelength holes
of asymmetric metal-dielectric interfaces: The effect of a dielectric layer," J.Appi. Phys., vol. 103, no. 3, p. 033108, 2008.
[110] G. G. Nenninger, M. Piliarik, and J. Homola, "Data analysis for optical
sen-sors based on spectroscopy of surface plasmons," Meas. Sci. TechnoL, vol. 13, p. 2038, 2002.[Ill] W. Moerner, "New directions in single-molecule imaging and analysis," Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 104, p. 12596, 2007.
[112] S. Soelberg, T. Chinowsky, G. Geiss, C. Spinelli, R. Stevens, S. Near, P.
Kauf-man, S. Yee, and C. Furlong, "A portable surface plasmon resonance sensor system for real-time monitoring of small to large analytes," J. Ind. Microbiol.Biotechnoi, vol. 32, p. 669, 2005.
[113] E. C. Nice and B. Catimel, "Instrumental biosensors: new perspectives for the
analysis of biomolecular interactions," BioEssays, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 339, 1999.[114] L. S. Jung, C. T. Campbell, T. M. Chinowsky, M. N. Mar, and S. S. Yee,
"Quan-titative interpretation of the response of surface plasmon resonance sensors to adsorbed films," Langmuir, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 5636, 1998.[115] J. Melendez, R. Carr, D. Bartholomew, H. Taneja, S. Yee, C. Jung, and C. Fur-long, "Development of a surface plasmon resonance detector for commercial applications," Sens. Actuators B, vol. 38, p. 375, 1997.
[116] S. Balasubramanian, I. B. Sorokulova, V. J. Vodyanoy, and A. L. Simonian,
"Lytic phage as a specific and selective probe for detection of staphylococcus aureus-a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopic study," Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 22], no. 6, p. 948, 2007.
[117] K. A. Tetz, R. Rokitski, M. Nezhad, and Y. Fainman, "Excitation and direct imaging of surface plasmon polariton modes in a two-dimensional grating,"
Appi. Phys. Lett, vol. 86, p. 111110, 2005.
[118] R. Gordon and P. Marthandam, "Plasmonic bragg reflectors for enhanced ex-traordinary optical transmission through nano-hole arrays in a gold film," Opt.
Express, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 12995, 2007.
[119] N. C. Lindquist, A. Lesuffleur, H. Im, and S.-H. Oh, "Sub-micron resolution surface plasmon resonance imaging enabled by nanohole arrays with surround-ing bragg mirrors for enhanced sensitivity and isolation," Lab Chip, vol. 9, no. 3,
[119] N. C. Lindquist, A. Lesuffleur, H. Im, and S.-H. Oh, "Sub-micron resolution surface plasmon resonance imaging enabled by nanohole arrays with surround-ing bragg mirrors for enhanced sensitivity and isolation," Lab Chip, vol. 9, no. 3,