Minority issues in relevant article headlines

Terrorism with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators is the most referred minority issue in headlines (n=35). In most cases, the appraisal used in relation to this minority issue is negative (69%), although there are instances of positive (20%), ambivalent (3%), and no appraisal at all (9%). In Broadsheets (22 out of 35 cases) mentions of this minority issue are in more than half of the cases with negative appraisal (55%), but there is a significant percentage of positive appraisal instances too (32%). In Tabloids (13 out of 35 cases) references to this minority issue in headlines are almost always negative (93%), and never positive (0%). In almost half of the cases (49%), these headlines appear in the National Affairs Newspaper Section, 29% in the Mixed news, and 6% in the Front Page sections. Most articles whose headlines refer to Terrorism with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators belong to the News story text genre (86%).80% of the articles belong to the Terrorism thematic area. The percentage for Tabloids is higher than that for Broadsheets (100% TBL vs. 68% BRS), whereas Broadsheet articles with such headlines also tend to fall within the War thematic area (32% BRS). 60% of the articles whose headlines refer to the minority issue of Terrorism with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators (n=21) have a picture attached. Of the 21 articles which have picture attached, 57% have negative connotation of the image, 24% neutral, 10% positive and 10% ambiguous.

The issue of Racism & Xenophobia (n=14) referred to in headlines is usually mentioned with a positive appraisal (71%), although there are instances of negative appraisal (14%). In Broadsheet headlines (9 out of 14 cases), this minority issue is mostly referred to in positive terms (89%), while in Tabloid ones (5 out of 14 cases), positive appraisal is only used in more than one third of the cases (40%), with the percentage being the same for instances of negative appraisal. In almost one-third of the cases, (29%), headlines referring to this issue fall into the Mixed News section, but a significant 21% fall into the National Affairs Newspaper section and another 14% in Opinion. Articles whose headlines mention Racism & Xenophobia are mainly News stories (57%), and Interviews (21%). Half of the articles fall into the Thematic area of Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, 21% in Sports and 14% in Equality in society (including gender equality). Tabloids relate the minority issue to the Sports thematic area more frequently than Broadsheets do (40%

the articles whose headlines refer to the minority issue of Racism & Xenophobia (n=8) have a picture attached.

Political decisions and debates on regulations for minorities and migrants (n=14) is usually referred to in headlines with a positive appraisal (43%); there are also instances of neutral (21%), ambiguous (21%) and negative appraisal (14%). There is no big divergence between the appraisal of Broadsheet (9 out of 14) and Tabloid headlines (5 out of 14). This minority issue tends to be mentioned in headlines in the Opinion Newspaper section (43%), but also in those in the National affairs (21%) and in Mixed News section (14%). 57% of the articles with headlines referring to Political decisions and debates on regulations for minorities and migrants belong to the News story text genre (57%), and 29% are Editorials. 43% of the articles fall into the Politics thematic area, followed by 14% in the Immigration thematic area (14%). The general trend is more or less replicated in Broadsheets and Tabloids. 29% of the articles (n=4) have a picture attached.

Discrimination by public bodies & institutions (n=10) mentions in the headline usually related to an Explicit positive appraisal (40%), but also related to some significance related to no appraisal at all (30%), Ambiguous appraisal (20%) and negative appraisal (10%). Most of the cases belong to Broadsheets (9 out of 10) and the only mention in headlines of this minority issue in Tabloids is related to Explicit positive appraisal. This issue is mentioned in headlines primarily in the National affairs Newspaper section (70%).80% of the articles with headlines referring to Discrimination by public bodies & institutions mentions are News stories. Articles whose headlines refer to Discrimination by public bodies & institutions mentions in the headline are equally distributed among several thematic areas: Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia (20%) and Religion (20%). Most of the cases can be found in Broadsheets (9 out of 10) and the only instance in Tabloids belongs to the thematic area of Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia. 60% of the articles (n=6) have a picture attached.

The minority issue of Immigration (n=15) is most referred to without any appraisal in newspaper headlines (40%), but the percentage of headlines with negative appraisal (33%) is also significant. Positive appraisal is only used in 7% of the cases. In Broadsheet headlines (10 out of 15 cases), half of the instances fall into the no appraisal category (50%), while in Tabloid headlines (5 out of 15 cases), almost half of the sample uses negative appraisal (40%), compared to the 30% negative appraisal in Broadsheet headlines. This is a minority issue that appears in headlines primarily

from the National affairs section (40%), as also those from the Opinion section (33%). The most popular Text genre for articles whose headlines refer to Immigration is Letters to the editor (33%), followed by News Stories (27%).87% of the articles are related to the Immigration thematic area. In Broadsheets, all articles with headline references to this minority issue focus on the Immigration thematic area, whereas in Tabloids there is more variety, with one entry related to Celebrity and another to the thematic area of Travelling, Lifestyle, Cars, Pets, Health & Food. One-third of the articles whose headlines refer to Immigration (n=5) have a picture attached.

The topic of Claims of minorities for a (territorial, cultural or religious) legal status (n=15) is in almost half of the cases of newspaper headlines referred to in positive terms (47%). No appraisal is used in 27% of the cases, and Ambiguous and Negative appraisal are present in 13% of the cases, respectively. Most of the cases can be found in Broadsheets (13 out of 15) and the two mentions in the Tabloids are equally distributed between positive and negative appraisal (one entry each). The minority issue is referred to in headlines that can be found primarily in the International & EU Affairs and in the National affairs Newspaper sections (27% each), and in one-fifth of the cases in headlines in the Opinion section. More than half, (53%) of the articles whose headlines mention Claims of minorities for a (territorial, cultural or religious) legal status are News stories. 40% of the articles belong to the Politics thematic area, but there is also a significantly high percentage of articles, 20%, that fall into the thematic area of Freedom of opinion & speech. Most of the cases belong to Broadsheets (13 out of 15), where the general tendency is consistent, whereas in Tabloids (2 out of 15 cases), one of the articles is related to the Politics thematic area and another to the Social conflicts thematic area. 40% of the articles whose headlines refer to Claims of minorities for a (territorial, cultural or religious) legal status (n=6) have a picture attached.

The minority issue of Violence & Crime with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators (n=12) is in three-quarters of the headlines referred to negatively (75%); this issue is never appraised positively, in 17% of the cases there is no appraisal at all and in 8% Ambivalent appraisal. In Broadsheets (7 out of 12) more than half of the headlines give negative appraisal (57%), while in Tabloids (5 out of 12) all headlines have negative appraisal. The issue recurrent in the headlines from the National Affairs, International & EU Affairs and the Opinion Newspaper sections (25% each).

of the cases). 58% of the articles fall in the Violence & Crime (incl. court news, drugs, police news, prison, riots) thematic area. The trend is more or less replicated in the two types of paper; corresponding distribution between Broadsheets and Tabloids is 43% vs. 80%, respectively (the remaining percentages being statistically insignificant). Most of the articles whose headlines refer to Violence & Crime with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators mentions (92% or n=11) and Violence & Crime with minorities as victims (89% or n=8) almost never have a picture attached.