• No results found

Chapter 3. Statistical Modelling

3.4 Model Refining (Stage B)

3.4.2 Model Criticism

En este capítulo se describió la síntesis de películas de Ch entrecruzadas con dos agentes distintos. Estos dos agentes entrecruzantes difieren entre sí en las interacciones que mantienen con la matriz del polisacárido. Gen entrecruza formando uniones químicas covalentes mientras que la PVP forma interacciones del tipo puente hidrógeno con Ch. Las películas preparadas fueron evaluadas como potenciales dispositivos de liberación de fármacos utilizando una droga modelo, determinando además los efectos y contribuciones brindadas por el entrecruzamiento físico y químico sobre propiedades tales como el hinchamiento en agua, propiedades mecánicas y térmicas. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, las mejores propiedades se obtuvieron con las películas Ch-Gen 0,10% y Ch-Gen 0,10%- PVP debido a que la liberación del fármaco fue mayor al 80% en un plazo de 7 h, lo que representa un período de dosificación óptimo. Además, estas películas mostraron una mejora en sus propiedades térmicas y mecánicas en relación al material de partida (Ch). De acuerdo a las propiedades generales que han sido optimizadas en esta parte del trabajo, sumadas a las propiedades inherentes del material base como lo son la bioadhesividad y la biocompatibilidad, hacen de las películas de Ch entrecruzadas con Gen y PVP buenos candidatos para potenciales aplicaciones en sistemas de liberación controlada de fármacos en sistemas bucales (Aldana et al., 2012).

Tesis Doctoral Agustín González | 114

IV.5. Bibliografía

Adali, T., Yilmaz, E., 2009. Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility studies on chitosan-graft-poly(EGDMA). Carbohydrate Polymers 77, 136–141.

Aldana, A.A., González, A., Strumia, M.C., Martinelli, M., 2012. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/genipin/poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) films for controlled release drugs. Materials Chemistry and Physics 134, 317–324.

Beppu, M.M., Vieira, R.S., Aimoli, C.G., Santana, C.C., 2007. Crosslinking of chitosan membranes using glutaraldehyde: Effect on ion permeability and water absorption. Journal of Membrane Science 301, 126–130. Coelho, T.C., Laus, R., Mangrich, A.S., De Fávere, V.T., Laranjeira, M.C.M.,

2007. Effect of heparin coating on epichlorohydrin cross-linked chitosan microspheres on the adsorption of copper (II) ions. Reactive and Functional Polymers 67, 468–475.

Demirci, S., Alaslan, A., Caykara, T., 2009. Preparation, characterization and surface pKa values of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)/chitosan blend films. Applied Surface Science 255, 5979–5983.

Fujikawa, S., Yokota, T., Koga, K., Kumada, J., 1987. The continuous hydrolysis of geniposide to genipin using immobilized β-glucosidase on calcium alginate gel. Biotechnology Letters 9, 697–702.

Gallagher, K.M., Corrigan, O.I., 2000. Mechanistic aspects of the release of levamisole hydrochloride from biodegradable polymers. Journal of Controlled Release 69, 261–272.

González, A., Strumia, M. C., Alvarez Igarzabal, C.I., 2011. Cross-linked soy protein as material for biodegradable films: Synthesis, characterization and biodegradation. Journal of Food Engineering 106, 331–338.

Gupta, K.C., Jabrail, F.H., 2007. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan microspheres for controlled release of centchroman. Carbohydrate Research 342, 2244–2252.

Harish Prashanth, K. V, Tharanathan, R.N., 2007. Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential—an overview. Trends in Food Science & Technology 18, 117–131.

Jacek Balcerzak, M.M., 2010. Progress on chemistry and application of chitin and its derivatives, vol. XV, Polish Chitin Society, Lodz, Poland.

115 | Tesis Doctoral Agustín González

Jen-Taut, Y., Chen, C.-L., Huang, K.S., Nien, Y.H., Chen, J.L., Huang, P.Z., 2006. Synthesis, characterization, and application of PVP/chitosan blended polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 101, 885–891. Jin, J., Song, M., Hourston, D.J., 2004. Novel chitosan-based films cross-

linked by genipin with improved physical properties.

Biomacromolecules 5, 162–168.

Kaplan, D.L., Mayer, J.M., Ball, D., McCassie, J., Allen, A.L., Stenhouse, P., 1993. Fundamental of biodegradable polymer. Biodegradable Polymers and Packaging.

Lee, M.-W., Yang, T.-P., Peng, H.-H., Chen, J.-W., 2012. Preparation and characterization of polygalacturonic acid/rosmarinic acid membrane crosslinked by short chain hyaluronate for preventing postoperative abdominal adhesion. Carbohydrate Polymers 87, 1749–1755.

Lewandowska, K., 2011. Miscibility and interactions in chitosan acetate/poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) blends. Thermochimica Acta 517, 90– 97.

Lin, S.-B., Lin, Y.-C., Chen, H.-H., 2009. Low molecular weight chitosan prepared with the aid of cellulase, lysozyme and chitinase: Characterisation and antibacterial activity. Food Chemistry 116, 47–53. Mi, F.L., Sung, H.W., Shyu, S.S., 2002. Drug release from chitosan – alginate complex beads reinforced by a naturally occurring crosslinking agent. Carbohydrate Polymers 48, 61–72.

Mi, F-L, Sung, H-W, Shyu, S-S, 2000. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-based network prepared using naturally occurring crosslinker. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 38, 2804–2814.

Mi, Fwu-Long, Kuan, C.-Y., Shyu, Shin-Shing, Lee, S.-T., Chang, S.-F., 2000. The study of gelation kinetics and chain-relaxation properties of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chitosan gel and their effects on microspheres preparation and drug release. Carbohydrate Polymers 41, 389–396.

Mi, Fwu-Long, Shyu, Shin-Shing, Wu, Y.-B., Lee, S.-T., Shyong, J.-Y., Huang, R.-N., 2001. Fabrication and characterization of a sponge-like asymmetric chitosan membrane as a wound dressing. Biomaterials 22, 165–173.

Mi, Fwu-Long, Tan, Y.-C., Liang, H.-F., Sung, Hsing-Wen, 2002. In vivo biocompatibility and degradability of a novel injectable-chitosan-based implant. Biomaterials 23, 181–191.

Tesis Doctoral Agustín González | 116

Muzzarelli, R.A.A., 1996. Chitosan-based dietary foods. Carbohydrate Polymer 29, 309–316.

Noel, S.P., Courtney, H., Bumgardner, J.D., Haggard, W.O., 2008. Chitosan films a potential local drug delivery system for antibiotics. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 466, 1377–1382.

Qian, L., Yang, X., 2006. Composite film of carbon nanotubes and chitosan for preparation of amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor. Talanta 68, 721–727.

Sagheer, F.A. Al, Al-Sughayer, M.A., Muslim, S., Elsabee, M.Z., 2009. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydrate Polymers 77, 410–419.

Santos, D.E.S., Neto, C.G.. T., Fonseca, J.L.C., Pereira, M.R., 2008. Chitosan macroporous asymmetric membranes—Preparation, characterization and transport of drugs. Journal of Membrane Science 325, 362–370. Siepmann, J., Peppas, N.A., 2001. Modeling of drug release from delivery

systems based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 48, 139–157.

Silva, C.L., Pereira, J.C., Ramalho, A., Pais, A. C., Sousa, J.J.S., 2008. Films based on chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes for skin drug delivery: Development and characterization. Journal of Membrane Science 320, 268–279.

Wang, B.L., Liu, X.S., Ji, Y., Ren, K.F., Ji, J., 2012. Fast and long-acting

antibacterial properties of chitosan-Ag/polyvinylpyrrolidone

nanocomposite films. Carbohydrate Polymers 90, 8–15.

Wang, Q., Dong, Z., Du, Y., Kennedy, J.F., 2007. Controlled release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from chitosan / polyethylene glycol blend Wlms. Test 69, 336–343.

Yip, E.Y., Wang, J., Wang, C.H., 2003. Sustained release system for highly water-soluble radiosensitizer drug etanidazole: irradiation and degradation studies. Biomaterials 24, 1977–1987.

Zerrouk, N., Mennini, N., Maestrelli, F., Chemtob, C., Mura, P., 2004. Comparison of the effect of chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone on dissolution properties and analgesic effect of naproxen. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 57, 93–99.

Zhang, Y., Huo, M., Zhou, J., Yu, D., Wu, Y., 2009. Potential of amphiphilically modified low molecular weight chitosan as a novel carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drug: Synthesis, characterization,

117 | Tesis Doctoral Agustín González

micellization and cytotoxicity evaluation. Carbohydrate Polymers 77, 231–238.

Tesis Doctoral Agustín González | 118

Capítulo V

Co-polímeros de injerto con