Music therapy

Music offers creative, lyrical and symbolic means to address existential and spiritual needs, is aesthetic, beautiful and expressive, brings form, order, comfort and hope, transcends predicaments, space and time, and affirms or re-establishes relationship with self, others and the universe.

Formal music therapy programs in palliative medicine exist in many major institutions. Although music therapy extends back to folklore and Greek mythology, it has been studied scientifically only in recent years.

Studies in oncology setting showed that music therapy can benefit cancer patients. In a randomized controlled study of cancer patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation, music significantly reduced mood disturbance and psychological distress (Cassileth et al., 2003). Listening to music also reduces anxiety and increase comfort in hospitalized children with cancer (Barrera et al., 2002) and in patients undergoing radiation therapy (Smith et al., 2001). Other data suggest that music may improve the quality of life of terminal stage cancer patients (Smith et al., 2001).

Music therapy was also shown to be effective in reducing both laboratory-induced pain (Beck, 1991) and chronic pain (Zimmerman et al., 1989) in cancer patients.

8.4 Summary

Medical professionals should be aware that many spurious techniques are falsely promoted as viable treatments for cancer. Table 8.4 lists reliable sources of information about these and also about useful complementary therapies that can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Although many complementary therapies have been practiced over time as components of traditional medical systems, efforts to study them scientifically only started in recent decades. These investigations have produced a body of evidence that supports the use of acupuncture, massage therapy, music and mind-body therapies to reduce physical and emotional symptoms.

Many mainstream medical centers and practices have established Integrative Medicine services to incorporate complementary therapies into multidisciplinary treatment plans. Professional societies such as the Society for Integrative Oncology (www.IntegrativeOnc.com) have also been established to raise awareness and encourage use of evidence-based complementary therapies in palliative and supportive care. These

Table 8.4. Reputable sources of online information on complementary and alternative medicine.

Medline Plus:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html British Medical Journal:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmccomplementalternmed/

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center:

http://www.mskcc.org/aboutherbs

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM):

http://nccam.nih.gov American Cancer Society:

http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/ETO_5.asp?sitearea=ETO NIH Office of Dietary Supplements:

http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov US Pharmacopeia:

http://www.usp.org/dietarySupplements

therapies have an important role in the total care of cancer patients, so that symptoms faced by patients can be addressed.

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Positive Findings about Herbs and