BHOPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL(M.P
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Input Voltage Current Through Total Current (i)
Measure current I from current meter (measured value).
Compare the calculated and measured value.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Input Voltage Current Through Total Current (i)
(l) The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
(m)Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
(n) Avoid parallax error.
(o) Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM: To verify Maximum Power Transfer theorem.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 69 APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: When the load is connected across a voltage source, power is transferred from source to load. The amount of power transferred depends on the load resistance.
This theorem states, “Maximum power is transferred from source to load when the load resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source.”
This theorem is applicable to A.C. as well as D.C. power.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
(p) Connect 12V regulated power supply in the circuit.
(q) Connect Ri and RL in the circuit. Also connect current meter and voltmeter in the circuit.
(r) Now increase the value of load resistance RL (potentiometer) in steps and note down the corresponding voltage and current. Calculate the power:
P = V I
(s) At a particular point when the load resistance is made equal to the internal resistance of the source i.e., Ri , maximum power is transferred from source to load.
(t) Plot the graph between power and load resistance.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO. Ri = 100 Ω Ri =……….Ω
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 70 I (mA) V (Volts) P (watts) I (mA) V (Volts) P (watts)
GRAPH:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down
EXPERIMENT NO. 03
AIM: To verify Norton’s theorem.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: This theorem states, “Any linear, bilateral network containing a number of e.m.f.
sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit having a current source IN in parallel with a resistance RN.”
Where, IN is the short circuit current flowing through the output terminals and RN is the resistance measured across the output terminals with all other sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any.
The load current is given by:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 71
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 72 PROCEDURE:
(u) Open the load and measure the voltage across X and Y (fig. 2).
(v) Open circuit voltage VOC across R4 = …….V.
(w) Now short circuit the voltage source with RL open (fig 3).
(x) Now disconnect the voltage source and short A and B points as shown in fig 3.
(y) Now the measure the resistance at X and Y i.e. RN. Short Circuit Current:
IN = =……….mA.
Now the circuit may be replaced as:
IN=……….mA.
RN=……….Ω.
For RL= 25 Ω
=……….mA.
For RL= 50 Ω
=……….mA.
For RL= 75 Ω
=……….mA.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 73 (z) Measure the current through RL.
(aa) Compare calculated and measured values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No.
RL= 25Ω RL= 50Ω RL= 100Ω
IL (mA) IL (mA) IL (mA)
CACULATIONS:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
EXPERIMENT NO. 04
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 74 APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: Sometimes it is necessary to find a particular branch current in a circuit as the resistance of that branch is varied while all other resistances, voltage sources and the current sources remain the same.
This theorem states that,” Any two terminal network containing a number of e.m.f. sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent series circuit having a voltage source VTH in series with a resistance RTH.”
Where, VTH = Open circuit voltage between two terminals.
RTH = The resistance between two terminals of the circuit obtained by looking in at the terminals with removed and voltage sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any.
The load current is given by:
IL =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 01
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 75 Fig. 02
Fig. 03
Fig. 04 PROCEDURE:
(bb) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the values of load current at different load resistance. It is IL1, IL2 & IL3.
(cc) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Disconnect the load resistor (RL) from output terminals and measure the open circuit voltage (VTH) by connecting analog voltmeter. Open circuit voltage will appear across 100Ω resistor:
V =
(dd) For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance across open circuit terminals X-Y, disconnect the 12V voltage source and short the voltage source open circuit terminals A-B as shown in fig. 3. Connect the digital multimeter across terminal X-Y. Find the value of RTH.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 76 Now measure the resistance across X and Y.
RTH =
(ee) Now, above circuit between X & Y can be replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in fig 4.
VTH = 1.8 V RTH = 173.4 Ω For RL = 25 Ω
IL1 = = ……….mA For RL = 50 Ω
IL1 = = ……….mA For RL = 75 Ω
IL1 = = ……….mA (ff) Compare the calculated and measured values.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 77 OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Measured Value Calculated Value
RL = 25 Ω RL = 50 Ω RL = 75 Ω RTH
VTH
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 78
EXPERIMENT NO. 05
AIM: To verify Superposition theorem.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: When there is only one source of e.m.f. or only one current source, then it is very easy to calculate the current or the voltage. But in a complex circuit where there are a number of sources acting simultaneously, then it is very difficult to calculate the current or the voltages. In these situations superposition theorem is used.
The theorem states that, “If a number of current or voltage sources are acting
simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all other sources by their internal resistances.”
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 01
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 79 Fig. 02
Fig. 03
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 80 PROCEDURE:
(gg) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the current i1, i2 and i3.
(hh) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V. Short the second 5V source. Measure the current i1’, i2’ and i3’ (One
ammeter is connected at a time, other ammeter is shorted).
(ii) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 3. Consider only 5V voltage source. Short the second 12V source. Measure the current i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’.
(jj) Calculate the value of i1’ , i2’ , i3’, i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’.
(kk) Compare the calculated and measured values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Measured Value Calculated Value i1’
i2’ i3’ i1’’
i2’’
i3’’
i1
i2 i3
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 81 CALCULATIONS:
Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V.
RT = 50 + = 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω
Now, considering 5V voltage source only:
RT = 50 + = 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 82 Current through resistance R3 = i3’ – i3’’ =……….
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
EXPERIMENT NO. 06
AIM: To verify Millman’s theorem.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: This theorem states, “If several voltage sources in series with admittance are connected in parallel as shown in figure, the equivalent circuit can be shown as a combination of an
equivalent voltage source (Veq) in series with an impedance Req.”
Here, Req =
Where, R = Resistance Veq =
(From fig. 1) Req =
Req = Req = 100 Ω
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 83 Veq =
Veq =
IRL (For 220 Ω) = IRL (For 300 Ω) = IRL (For 400 Ω) =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. No. 01
PROCEDURE:
(ll) Introduce the supplies (12V, 15V, 18V) in series with the resistance 300Ω by shorting the dotted lines through patch chords as shown in fig. (1).
(mm) Switch ON the instrument using ON/OFF toggle switch provided on the front panel.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 84 (nn) Measure the Veq (equivalent voltage) with voltmeter as shown in fig. (1).
(oo) Now connect the current meter in series with load (RL).
(pp) Observe the different readings of current (IR) by introducing different load resistances (RL = 220, 300 & 400 Ω) in the output by connecting dotted lines through patch chord as shown in fig. (1). Compare the observed values with the calculated values as given above. There may be a slight difference due to tolerance resistance of resistance (± 10%).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. RL V IPRACTICAL
01.
02.
03.
GRAPH:
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down
EXPERIMENT NO. 07
AIM: To verify Reciprocity Theorem.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 85 APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: This theorem states, “In any linear, Bilateral network connecting one or more
generators, the ratio of voltage (V) introduced in one mesh to the current (I) in any second mesh is the same as the ratio obtained if the position of the voltage and current are interchanged, other e.m.f. being removed.”
Fig. 1(a)
Fig. 2(b)
PROCEDURE:
(qq) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1(a).
(rr) Switch ON the instrument.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 86 (ss) Note down the value of current I3.
(tt) Switch OFF the instrument and interchange the position of the voltage source and current meter as shown in fig 1(b). Again switch ON the instrument.
(uu) Note down the value of current I1.
(vv) We observe that the value of current I3 is equal to the value of current I1. This proves the RECIPROCITY THEOREM.
(ww) Similarly we can prove the theorem for the combinations of resistors.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
EXPERIMENT NO. 08
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 87 AIM: To measure the Z – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: A given two port network, with some degree of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two port network can be designed by combining two port structures as building blocks.
There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible interconnection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of the second.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 01
Fig. 02 PROCEDURE:
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 88 (xx) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. It means, connect the variable voltage supply
to the input terminals of the network – I.
(yy) Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure the open circuited output voltage (V2). Note down the input current through current meter.
V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage
I1 = Input current (Observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited)
(zz) Now short the output terminals and measure input current V1’ = Input voltage = 10V
V2’ = 0
I1’ = Input current I2’ = Output current
(aaa) With these values calculate Z – Parameter for SINGLE TWO PORT NETWORK.
Z11 = I2 = 0) Ω Z12 = I2 = 0) Ω
Z21 = I1 = 0) Z22 = I1 = 0)
(bbb) Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network.
(ccc) Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust the voltage to 10V.
(ddd) Now record.
V1 = Input voltage V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current I2 = Output current = 0
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 89 (eee) Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage and
current and output voltage.
With these values calculate Z – parameter for cascaded network (repeat step 4).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CALCULATIONS:
Z11 = I2 = 0) Ω Z21 = I2 = 0) Ω
Z21 = I1 = 0) Z22 = I1 = 0)
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 90 RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 91
EXPERIMENT NO. 09
AIM: To measure the Y – parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: A given two port network, with some degree of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two port network can be designed by combining two port structures as building blocks.
There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible interconnection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of the second.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 01
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 92 Fig. 02
PROCEDURE:
(fff) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. It means, connect the variable voltage supply to the input terminals of the network – I.
(ggg) Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure the open circuited output voltage (V2). Note down the input current through current meter.
V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage
I1 = Input current (Observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited)
(hhh) Now short the output terminals and measure input current I1’.
V1’ = Input voltage = 10V V2’ = 0
I1’ = Input current = 0.0062 A I2’ = Output current = 0.004 A
(iii)With these values calculate Z – Parameter for SINGLE TWO PORT NETWORK.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 93 Y11 = V2 = 0) Ω Y12 = V2 = 0) Ω
Y21 = V1 = 0) Y22 = V1 = 0)
(jjj) Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network.
(kkk) Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust the voltage to 10V.
(lll)Now record.
V1 = Input voltage
V2 = Output voltage = 5012 V I1 = Input current = 0.0062 A I2 = Output current = 0
(mmm) Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage and current and output voltage.
With these values calculate Z – parameter for cascaded network (repeat step 4).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No.
RL= 25Ω RL= 50Ω RL= 50Ω
IL (mA) IL (mA) IL (mA)
CALCULATIONS:
Z11 = I2 = 0) Ω Z21 = I2 = 0) Ω
Z21 = I1 = 0) Z22 = I1 = 0)
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 94 RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 95
EXPERIMENT NO.10
AIM: To verify ABCD Parameter for SINGLE and CASCADED TWO PORT NETWORK.
APPARATUS: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.
THEORY: A given two port network, with some network of complexity, can be built up from simple two port networks, whose ports are interconnected in certain ways. Conversely, a two-port network can be designed by simple two two-port structures as building blocks.
There are a number of ways in which two port networks can be interconnected. The simplest possible connection is termed as Cascade or Tandem connection. Two port networks are said to be cascaded if the output of first becomes the input of second.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig. 01
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 96 Fig. 02
PROCEDURE:
(nnn) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. It means connect the variable voltage supply too the input terminal of the network – I.
(ooo) Vary the input voltage to 10V (V1) and measure open circuited output voltage (V2).
Note down the input current through current meter.
V1 = Input voltage = 10V V2 = Output voltage
I1 = Input current (observed from current meter) I2 = 0 (because output is open circuited)
(ppp) Now short the output terminals and measure Input current I1’.
V1’ = Input voltage V2’ = 0
I1’ = Input current I2’ = Output current
(qqq) With these values calculate ABCD Parameters for single port network.
A = (I2=0) B = (V2=0) Ω
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 97 C = (I2=0) D = (V2=0)
(rrr) Now connect the output of the first network to the input of the second network.
(sss) Apply variable voltage to the input terminals and adjust voltage to 10V.
(ttt) Now record V1 = Input voltage V2 = Output voltage I1 = Input current I2 = Output current = 0
(uuu) Interchange output and input terminals and measure the input voltage, current and output voltage.
(vvv) With these values calculate ABCD parameters for cascaded network (repeat step 4).
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CALCULATION (ABCD parameters):
A = (I2=0) B = (V2=0) Ω
C = (I2=0) D = (V2=0)
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 98 Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.
Avoid parallax error.
Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.
BHOPAL INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 99
LAB MANUAL
Version No. EX/3.6 Subject Java
Subject Code EX-306
Scheme New
Class/Branch III Semester
Author CS/IT Deptt
Institution
Bhopal Institute of Technology1. Write a program to show multiple statements in java.
Class statements {
Public static void main (String args [ ]) {
System.out.println ("This is my program...");
System.out.println ("I have a copy right for it...");
} }
Output
This is my program...
I have a copy right for it...
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2. Write a program to accept a no. and check whether it is even or odd.
Cass check {
public static void main (String args [ ]) {
int a= Integer.parseInt(args [0]);
if(a= =0) {
System.out.println ("ZERO");
}
else if (a%2= = 0) {
System.out.println (a+ "It is even");
}
else if (a%2= = 1) {
System.out.println ("It is odd");
} }}
Output
If enter a =0 then print ZERO If enter a =2 then print even If enter a =1 then print odd
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 101
3. Write a program to accept a character and check whether its constant or vowel. (Using switch statements)
System.out.println ("It is a vowel");
break;
case 'A':
System.out.println ("It is a vowel");
break;
case 'e':
System.out.println ("It is a vowel");
break;
case 'E':
System.out.println ("It is a vowel");
case 'i':
System.out.println ("It is a vowel");
break;
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4. Write a program to square root of any value.
Import java.lang.Math;
Class squareroot {
public static void main(String args [ ] ) {
Double x = 25
double y=Math.sqrt(x);
System.out.println ("The square root is "+y);
} }
Output
The square root is 5.0
5. Write a program to concept of multiple classes in java.
Class demo {
public static void main(String args [ ]) {
System.out.println("**beginning execution**");
Greeter greeter = new Greeter();
System.out.println("**created Greeter**");
greeter.greet();
} }
class Greeter {
private static Message s_message = new Message("Hello, World!");
public void greet()
public void print(java.io.PrintStream ps){
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6. Write a program to show type casting in java.
Class casting
7. Write a program to show use and advantages of constructor.
Class Rectangle
Public static void main (String args [ ]) {
Rectangle rect1 = new Rectangle (15, 10); //calling
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8. Write a program to show how exception handling is in java.
Class error {
Public static void main (String args [ ] ) {
www.earnrupees4you.com Page 105
9. Write a program to show method overloading in java.
Class Room {
float length;
float bridth;
Room(float x ,float y ) // constructor 1 {
length = x;
breadth y;
}
Room(float x) // constructor 2
(Overloading of method) {
length = breadth = x ; }
int area ( ) {
Return (length*breadth);
} } Output
Room room1 =new Room (25.0, 15.0); //using constructor 1 Room room2 =new Room (20.0); //using constructor 1
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10. Write a program to show “Hello Java” in explorer using applet.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
class Hello Java extends Applet {
<applet code=" Hello Java t" width=10 height=100></applet>
</html>
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Class/Branch IV Semester / all
Author Pajan Gangele
Institution
Bhopal Institute of TechnologyBHOPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL(M.P)