Notes

1. Interrater reliability for accentedness, comprehensibility, and processing time was not satisfactory (α < .70). This was probably due to the limited number of raters (N = 2). Given the high task demand on raters (i.e., listening to 4,443 samples and typing words as fast as possible), recruitment of multiple raters was not feasible in this study. However, with evidence of correlation analysis supporting the

concurrent validity of the three pronunciation measures, we used these measures as dependent variables for subsequent analysis. Future research can take an alternative approach, for example, by distributing a subset of raters to different blocks of speech samples (see Martin, 2020 for the rating procedure) instead of having the same raters evaluate all samples.

55 2. For accentedness, comprehensibility, and processing time, descriptive statistics

were calculated for each item (i.e., 40 target items in the column of the

spreadsheet) due to considerable variation in the number of items produced across groups and in order to minimize the influence of item-related factors on

descriptive findings.

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Chapter 3: To what extent do acoustic variability and frequency of exposure