4.3.1 Pressure Algometer Readings
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Algometer Readings
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 2.8 kg/cm² for the trapezius trigger point one algometer measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 3.3 kg/cm² and on the fifth visit, group A had mean values of 3.95 kg/cm². At the end of the study
Data Group A: Myofascial dry needling & Kinesio tape Group B: Myofascial dry needling Combined Total Age Distribution 22-27 23-29 22-29 Mean Age 24.7 24.6 24.65 Gender Distribution 10 males 5 females 8 males 7 females 18 males 12 females
47 group A had a mean difference of 1.15 kg/cm² and a mean percentage improvement of 41%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.2 and figure 4.1.
B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Algometer Readings
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 2.9 kg/cm² for the trapezius trigger point one algometer measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 3.06 kg/cm² and on the fifth visit, group B had mean values of 3.17 kg/cm².
At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 0,27 kg/cm² and a mean percentage improvement of 9%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.2 and figure 4.1.
48 Table 4.2: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B
Figure 4.1: Bar Graph Represents Algometer mean values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th visits
C) Inter-group Analysis: Algometer Readings
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between group A and B.
The Between-Subject Effects test revealed that there was no statistical significance between group A and group B. At the 1st visit the mean values of group A was 2.8 and group B was 2.9 with a mean difference of 0.1 and a p-value of (p=0.78). At the 3rd visit
2.8 3.3 3.95 2.9 3.06 3.17 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Visit 1 Visit 3 Visit 5
K g/ cm 2 Visit Number Group A Group B
Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 2.8 3.3 3.95 Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 2.9 3.06 3.17 Group B p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00
49 the mean values of group A was 3.3 and group B was 3.06 with a mean difference of 0.24 and a p-value of (p=0.45) and on the 5th visit group A had a mean value of 3.95 and group B had a mean value of 3.17 with a mean difference of 0.78 and a p-value of (p=0.03), shown in table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Comparison of inter-group p-values
Data 1st visit 3rd visit 5th visit
Mean value group A
2.8 3.3 3.95
Mean value group B
2.9 3.06 3.17
Mean difference 0.1 0.24 0.78
p-values 0.78 0.45 0.03
4.3.2Cervical Spine Range of Motion Readings
4.3.2.1 Flexion
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Cervical Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 62.8° and for cervical spine flexion measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 67.1° and on the fifth visit group A had mean values of 72° and 63°.
At the end of the study group A had a mean difference of 9.2° and a mean percentage improvement of 14.6%.
50 The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), as seen in table 4.4 and figure 4.2.
B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Cervical Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 60.4° for cervical spine flexion measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 61° and on the fifth visit group B had mean 63°.
At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 2.6° and a mean percentage improvement of 4.3%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.03) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), as seen in table 4.4 and figure 4.2.
51 Table 4.4: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B
Figure 4.2: Bar Graph Represents CROM Flexion mean values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th visit
C) Inter-group Analysis: Cervical Flexion Range of Motion
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between group A and B on the numerical pain rating scale.
The Between-Subject Effects test revealed that there was no statistical significance between group A and group B. At the 1st visit the mean values of group A was 62.8° and group B was 60.4° with a mean difference of 2.4° and a p-value of (p=073). At the 3rd
62.8 67.1 72 60.4 61 63 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
Visit 1 Visit 3 Visit 5
D e gr e e s ( °) Visit Number Group A Group B
Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 62.8° 67.1° 72° Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 60.4° 61° 63° Group B p-values 0.03 0.00 0.00
52 visit the mean values of group A was 67.1° and group B was 61° with a mean difference of 6.1° and a p-value of (p=0.22) and on the 5th visit group A had a mean value of 72° and group B had a mean value of 62.7° with a mean difference of 9.3° and a p-value of (p=0.04), seen in table 4.5.
Table 4.5: Comparison of inter-group p-values
Data 1st visit 3rd visit 5th visit
Mean value group A
62.8° 67.1° 72°
Mean value group B
60.4° 61° 62.7°
Mean difference 2.4° 6.1° 9.3°
p-values 0.73 0.22 0.04
4.3.2.2 Extension
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Cervical Extension Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 62.4° for cervical spine extension measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 66.2° and on the fifth visit group A had mean values of 71.2°. At the end of the study group A had a mean difference of 8.8° and a mean percentage improvement of 14%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.6 and figure 4.3.
53 B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Cervical Extension Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 66° for cervical spine extension measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 67° and on the fifth visit group B had mean values of 69.6°. At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 3.6° and a mean percentage improvement of 5.5%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.02).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.6 and figure 4.3.
Table 4.6: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 62.8° 67.1° 72° Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 60.4° 61° 63° Group B p-values 0.00 0.02 0.00
54 Figure 4.3: Bar Graph Represents CROM Extension mean values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th visits
C) Inter-group Analysis: Cervical Extension Range of Motion
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between group A and B on the numerical pain rating scale.
The Between-Subject Effects test revealed that there was no statistical significance between group A and group B. At the 1st visit the mean values of group A was 62.4° and group B was 66.6° with a mean difference of 4.2° and a p-value of (p=0.17). At the 3rd visit the mean values of group A was 66.2° and group B was 67.9° with a mean difference of 1.7° and a p-value of (p=0.64) and on the 5th visit group A had a mean value of 71.2° and group B had a mean value of 69.6° with a mean difference of 1.6° and a p-value of (p=0.06) as seen in table 4.7.
62.4 66.2 71.2 66 67 69.6 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72
Visit 1 Visit 3 Visit 5
D e gr e e s ( °) Visit Number Group A Group B
55 Table 4.7: Comparison of inter-group p-values
Data 1st visit 3rd visit 5th visit
Mean value group A
62.4° 66.2° 71.2°
Mean value group B
66.6° 67.9° 69.6°
Mean difference 4.2° 1.7° 1.6°
p-values 0.17 0.64 0.06
4.3.2.3 Left Lateral Flexion
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Cervical Left Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 45.7° for cervical spine left lateral flexion measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 51.4° and on the fifth visit group A had mean values of 55.5°.
At the end of the study group A had a mean difference of 9.8° and a mean percentage improvement of 21%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), seen in table 4.8 and figure 4.4.
56 B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Cervical Left Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 50.2° for cervical spine left lateral flexion measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 52.6° and on the fifth visit group B had mean values of 54.1°.
At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 3.9° and a mean percentage improvement of 7.8%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.03).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), seen in table 4.8 and figure 4.4.
Table 4.8: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 45.7° 51.4° 55.5° Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 50.2° 52.6° 54.1° Group B p-values 0.00 0.03 0.00
57 Figure 4.4: Bar Graph Represents CROM Left Lateral Flexion mean values on the
1st, 3rd and 5th visits
C) Inter-group Analysis: Cervical Left Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between group A and B on the numerical pain rating scale.
The Between-Subject Effects test revealed that there was no statistical significance between group A and group B. At the 1st visit the mean values of group A was 45.7° and group B was 50.26° with a mean difference of 4.56° and a p-value of (p=0.07). At the 3rd visit the mean values of group A was 51.46° and group B was 52.6° with a mean difference of 1.14° and a p-value of (p=0.67) and on the 5th visit group A had a mean value of 55.5° and group B had a mean value of 54.1° with a mean difference of 1.4° and a p-value of (p=0.73), shown in table 4.9.
45.7 51.4 55.5 50.2 52.6 54.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Visit 1 Visit 3 Visit 5
D e gr e e s ( °) Visit Number Group A Group B
58 Table 4.9: Comparison of inter-group p-values
Data 1st visit 3rd visit 5th visit
Mean values group A
45.7° 51.46° 55.5°
Mean values group B
50.26° 52.6° 54.1°
Mean difference 4.56° 1.14° 1.4°
p-values 0.07 0.67 0.73
4.3.2.4 Right Lateral Flexion
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Cervical Right Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 46.47° for cervical spine right lateral flexion measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 51.47° and on the fifth visit group A had mean values of 56.47°.
At the end of the study group A had a mean difference of 10° and a mean percentage improvement of 21.5%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), as seen in table 4.10 and 4.5.
59 B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Cervical Right Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 52.87° for cervical spine right lateral flexion measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 54.67° and on the fifth visit group B had mean values of 56.47°.
At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 3.6° and a mean percentage improvement of 6.8%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), as seen in table 4.10 and 4.5.
Table 4.10: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 46.47° 51.47° 56.47° Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 52.87° 54.67° 56.47° Group B p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00
60 Figure 4.5: Bar Graph Represents CROM Right Lateral Flexion mean values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th visits
C) Inter-group Analysis: Cervical Right Lateral Flexion Range of Motion
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality were inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between group A and B on the numerical pain rating scale.
The Between-Subject Effects test revealed that there was no statistical significance between group A and group B. At the 1st visit the mean values of group A was 46.46° and group B was 52.86° with a mean difference of 6.4° and a p-value of (p=0.05). At the 3rd visit the mean values of group A was 51.46° and group B was 54.66° with a mean difference of 3.2° and a p-value of (p=0.46) and on the 5th visit group A had a mean
46.47 51.47 56.47 52.87 54.67 56.47 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Visit 1 Visit 3 Visit 5
D e gr e e s ( °) Visit Number Group A Group B
61 value of 56.46° and group B had a mean value of 56.46° with a mean difference of 0° and a p-value of (p=0.81), seen in table 4.11.
Table 4.11: Comparison of inter-group p-values
Data 1st visit 3rd visit 5th visit
Mean values group A
46.46° 51.46° 56.46°
Mean values group B
52.86° 54.66° 56.46°
Mean difference 6.4° 3.2° 0°
p-values 0.05 0.46 0.81
4.3.2.5 Left Rotation
A) Intra-group Analysis: Group A Cervical Left Rotation Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group A had mean values of 60.86° for cervical spine left rotation measurements. On the third visit group A had mean values of 65.93° and on the fifth visit group A had mean values of 71°.
At the end of the study group A had a mean difference of 10.14° and a mean percentage improvement of 16.6%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.00) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group A's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group A demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.12 and 4.6.
62 B) Intra-group Analysis: Group B Cervical Left Rotation Range of Motion
The Shapiro-Wilk Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to determine intra-group results between the 1st and 3rd and 3rd and 5th treatment.
On the first visit group B had mean values of 70.27° for cervical spine left rotation measurements. On the third visit group B had mean values of 71.13° and on the fifth visit group B had mean values of 72.47°.
At the end of the study group B had a mean difference of 2.2° and a mean percentage improvement of 3.13%.
The Within-Subjects Contrast test revealed that the values demonstrated a statistically significant improvement for the 1st treatment to the 3rd treatment (P=0.01) and for the 3rd treatment to the 5th treatment (p=0.00).
The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to compare group B's 1st treatment to the 5th treatment. The results indicated that group B demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over time (p=0.00), shown in table 4.12 and 4.6.
Table 4.12: Comparison of intra-group mean and p-values between group A and B Data 1st to 3rd visit 3rd to 5th visit 1st to 5th visit Group A mean values 60.86° 65.93° 71° Group A p-values 0.00 0.00 0.00 Group B mean values 70.27° 71.13° 72.47° Group B p-values 0.01 0.00 0.00
63
Figure 4.6: Bar Graph Represents CROM Left Rotation mean values on the 1st, 3rd and 5th visits
C) Inter-group Analysis: Cervical Left Rotation Range of Motion
The Independent T Test, that tests for normality was inconclusive, therefore the Mann- Whitney U tests were used to determine if there is a statistical significance between