Open Research Issues

There are many research directions that need to be explored in order to enable consistent cloud resources with end-to-end reliability and availability. Therefore, new resource manipulation schemes are needed in which the mobile users can utilise multiple clouds in a unified fashion and using a common application interface. Resource manipulation schemes should be able to automatically discover and com- pose services for users using the so-called sky computing. Sky computing is an integrated model for cloud computing infrastructure where resources from multi- ple cloud providers are leveraged to create a large-scale distributed infrastructure. This infrastructure should have the support of an adaptive SLA between providers and small latency access to resources stored on the multiple cloud-based infra- structures. In a similar manner, the mobile sky computing, will enable providers to support a cross-cloud communication and enable users to access mobile services and applications running remotely gaining access to the end-recipient’s outcome. However, to offer a service to both static and mobile user in a unified way, the service and context awareness and integration (i.e. convergence) would need to be explored further in terms of availability of resources (selection of high ranked available replicas and supported APIs). Requested resources outsourcing strategies where users can have any time access upon request should be dynamically encom- passed in the architectural model of the cloud paradigm. In addition, API integra- tion should also be established and host common mechanisms for controlling and managing the scalability of the potential scenarios, whereas it will enable dynamic access to resources regardless of their physical location.

6.5 Conclusion

Notwithstanding the cloud computing paradigm promises to be the ultimate outsourcing resources’ and applications’ solution starting from the individual users in small businesses scaling up to large enterprises and even governments, there are many resource consideration and constraints that should be addressed prior to the promulgation of services to the end-users. These resource consider- ations and constraints deal with the manipulation of resources requested by users and enable new mechanisms that face the QoS constraints and enable reliability in the offered services.

Efficient resource management in the cloud under the QoS constraints will be required for the efficient and profitable deployment of cloud services. As the cloud paradigm is based on the concept of virtualisation, the management of its resources

will have to start at the virtual level and descent to the real-world tangible level, where power consumption, CPU, memory and bandwidth allocation take place. The use of efficient algorithms for load balancing and scheduling will be required to manage the complex environment, and although such mechanisms exist, their application to cloud level is yet to be achieved.

API interoperability is hugely important, whereas cloud technology has not yet reached a level of maturity where academia and industry can through a convergence roadmap and standards develop their own infrastructure based upon a particular cloud API. As wide standards for manipulating the resources are not present, there will be still many distinctive APIs that may have a common target but through different pathways. Therefore, a common ground using an integrated API for a cloud infrastructure, and through it for an entire sky, will also give birth to new mechanisms for a more distributed resource management process where the users’ workflow requests hosted in the cloud will be fully automated.

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133 Z. Mahmood (ed.), Cloud Computing: Methods and Practical Approaches,

Computer Communications and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5107-4_7, © Springer-Verlag London 2013

Abstract The surging demand for inexpensive and scalable IT infrastructures has led to the widespread adoption of Cloud computing architectures. These architec- tures have therefore reached their momentum due to inherent capacity of simplifi ca- tion in IT infrastructure building and maintenance, by making related costs easily accountable and paid on a pay-per-use basis. Cloud providers strive to host as many service providers as possible to increase their economical income and, toward that goal, exploit virtualization techniques to enable the provisioning of multiple virtual machines (VMs), possibly belonging to different service providers, on the same host. At the same time, virtualization technologies enable runtime VM migration that is very useful to dynamically manage Cloud resources. Leveraging these fea- tures, data center management infrastructures can allocate running VMs on as few hosts as possible, so to reduce total power consumption by switching off not required servers. This chapter presents and discusses management infrastructures for power- effi cient Cloud architectures. Power effi ciency relates to the amount of power required to run a particular workload on the Cloud and pushes toward greedy con- solidation of VMs. However, because Cloud providers offer Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) that need to be enforced to prevent unacceptable runtime per- formance, the design and the implementation of a management infrastructure for power-effi cient Cloud architectures are extremely complex tasks and have to deal with heterogeneous aspects, e.g., SLA representation and enforcement, runtime reconfi gurations, and workload prediction. This chapter aims at presenting the cur- rent state of the art of power-effi cient management infrastructure for Cloud, by care- fully considering main realization issues, design guidelines, and design choices. In addition, after an in-depth presentation of related works in this area, it presents some novel experimental results to better stress the complexities introduced by power-effi cient management infrastructure for Cloud.

Management Infrastructures for Power-