OPERATIONS 8.1 Data Integrity

8.1.1 As a significant number of data errors in general applications occur as a result of manual data errors, navigation aid and way-point latitude and longitude data should be derived from a data base, if available, which cannot be modified by the operator or pilots. 8.1.2 When data is entered manually, data entries must be

cross-checked by at least two crew members for accuracy and reasonableness, or, for single pilot operations, an independent check must be made (eg, computed tracks and distances against current chart data).

8.1.3 Both manually-entered and database-derived position and tracking information must be checked for reasonableness (confidence check) in the following cases:

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a. prior to each compulsory reporting point; b. at or prior to arrival at each en route way-point;

c. at hourly intervals during area-type operations when operating off established routes; and

d. after insertion of new data; eg, creation of a new flight plan. 8.2 Database Currency

8.2.1 For area navigation systems that contain an updateable database, that database must be current when the system is used for flights under the IFR/NVFR.

8.3 Operations Below LSALT/MSA

8.3.1 Only data from a current validated database may be used for navigation below the LSALT/MSA. Manually entered data must not be used for navigation below the LSALT/MSA, unless specifically authorised by the CASA.

8.4 Systems Approval

8.4.1 Area navigation systems currently suitable for approval are based on GNSS or inertial reference.

8.4.2 Inertial area navigation systems may be used operationally as the primary means of en route navigation only when the specific aircraft and operator have been formally authorised to do so by CASA.

8.4.3 Approval, which may be granted by Regional Offices of CASA for Australian registered aircraft, is based on system operational accuracy determined from samples of flight data forwarded to CASA by the operator. For foreign registered aircraft, authorisation is administered by Head Office of CASA.

8.4.4 All Australian registered aircraft fitted with an inertial system (INS or IRS) that have been operationally approved by CASA are permitted to flight plan and operate on Area Navigation routes provided the airspace/route accuracy performance requirements are met. Foreign registered aircraft that have received authorisation from CASA are also permitted to operate on Area Navigation routes.

WARNING: Use of area navigation systems that have not been authorised by CASA can be hazardous to aircraft operations and is contrary to Civil Aviation Regulations. In addition, position information gained from area navigation systems which are not

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8.5 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

8.5.1 CASA has approved various operations using GNSS avionics that receive signals from the GPS constellation. Approvals and conditions are specific to the operation, flight crew qualifications and the systems on board the aircraft. Further guidance and legislative references may be found in CAAP 179A-1.

8.5.2 GNSS must not be used as a navigation reference for flight below the LSALT/MSA, except as specified in applications listed in paragraph 8.5.5, or as otherwise authorised by CASA.

8.5.3 In the event that GNSS performance degrades to where an alert is raised, or there is other cause to doubt the integrity of GNSS information, the pilot-in-command must discontinue its use and carry out appropriate NAVAID failure procedures.

8.5.4 VFR Operations

8.5.4.1 GNSS may be used under the VFR in the following applications: a. Visual Navigation. Pilots operating under the VFR may use GNSS to supplement map reading and other visual navigation techniques.

b. Night VFR Area Navigation. Pilots operating under the VFR at night may use GNSS for:

(1) position fixing and long range navigation in accordance with ENR 1.1 Section 19.;

(2) operations on designated Area Navigation routes and application of Area Navigation-based LSALT;

(3) deriving distance information for en route navigation, traffic information and ATC separation; and

(4) meeting the Night VFR requirements for radio navigation systems specified in GEN 1.5 section 2., and alternate aerodrome requirements in accordance with ENR 1.1 section 58.

Note: ATC may apply area navigation-based separation standards to aircraft meeting the requirements for Night VFR area navigation.

8.5.4.2 Where GNSS is used for Night VFR area navigation applications, the flight crew must be appropriately qualified and GNSS receivers

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must be certified to meet TSO-C129, C129a, C145, C145a, C146, C146a, C196 or an equivalent standard approved by CASA. 8.5.4.3 The following table summarises the airworthiness and operational

requirements for GNSS applications under the VFR: GNSS APPLICATIONS -- VFR

Application Operational Privileges/

Requirement AirworthinessRequirement Visual Navigation Limited to supplementing visual

navigation techniques. Any GNSS receiver may be used,but installed receivers must be fitted in accordance with CAAP 35-1 or AC21-36.

Night VFR Area

Navigation 1. GNSS receiver operated in ac-cordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions, and any additional instructions specified by the operator.

2. Flight crew hold appropriate GNSS qualifications.

1. GNSS receiver certified to TSO-C129, C129a, C145, C145a, C146, C146a or equiva- lent standard approved by CASA. 2. GNSS receiver fitted in ac- cordance with CAAP 35-1 or AC21-36 and automatic baromet- ric aiding options functional. 3. Manufacturer’s operating in- structions, and any additional in- structions specified by the opera- tor carried on board the aircraft.

8.5.5 IFR Operations

8.5.5.1 GNSS may be used under the IFR in the following applications: a. DR Substitute. Pilots operating under the IFR may use GNSS

in lieu of DR navigation techniques for that part of the flight that is outside the rated coverage of terrestrial navigation aids. Note: This is not an area navigation approval.

b. IFR Area Navigation. Pilots operating in Australian domestic airspace under the IFR may use GNSS for position fixing and long range navigation in accordance with ENR 1.1 Section 19., operations on designated area navigation routes, and application of area navigation-based LSALT. It may also be used for deriving distance information for en route navigation, traffic information and ATC separation. GNSS may also be used as a navigation aid to determine distance information for SID, STAR and instrument approach procedures where the use of GPS is specified on the IAL chart. Further, GNSS may be used to meet the IFR requirements for radio navigation

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Note: ATC may apply area navigation-based separation standards to aircraft meeting the requirements for IFR area navigation.

c. RNAV(GNSS) Non-precision Approach (or RNP APCH). Pilots operating under the IFR may use GNSS as an approach navigation aid to determine distance and track information for RNAV(GNSS) Non-precision Approach procedures.

Note: RNAV (GNSS) NPA and RNP APCH--LNAV are the same.

d. Oceanic Area Navigation. CASA may issue an approval for an operator to use GNSS as an en route navigation aid in oceanic and remote continental areas outside the boundaries of Australian domestic airspace (see ENR 2.2 para 3.1). Standard conditions for these approvals may be found in CAO 20.91.

e. GBAS Landing System (GLS). CASA may approve an operator to use GNSS GBAS as a precision approach navigation aid.

8.5.5.2 Where GNSS is used under the IFR for applications, the flight crew must be appropriately qualified, and GNSS receivers must be certified to meet any of the following TSOs: TSO-C129, C129a, C145, C145a, C146, C146a or an equivalent standard approved by CASA.

8.5.5.3 RNAV(GNSS) non precision approach (or RNP APCH) capability using a TSO--C129, C129a, C145a, C146a or C196 receiver and the valid prediction of approach availability from the Airservices Australia RAIM prediction service may be used to satisfy the requirements set out in ENR 1.1 para 58.3 and ENR 1.10 para 1.5.1. CASA may approve other receivers and prediction tools for these applications on the basis of equivalent safety performance. Note: If a TSO--C129 or TSO--C129a receiver is used, and if an alternate is required to be nominated, an instrument approach utilising ground based navigation aids must be available at the alternate.

8.5.5.4 The following table summarises the airworthiness and operational requirements for IFR applications of GNSS:

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