The magnitude of the effect of temperature on embryonic bone development was addres-sed in Chapter 2. It was investigated how bone morphology at hatch was affected by 4 different EST: Low (36.9°C), Normal (37.8°C), High (38.6°C), and Very high (39.4°C) throughout incubation.
Chapter 3 and 4 describe a first experiment with incubation lighting schedules. Ross 308 eggs were incubated under continuous light (24L), 12h of light, followed by 12h of darkness (12L:12D), or continuous darkness (24D) from set until hatch at a constant EST of 37.8°C. In Chapter 3, embryonic bone development, bone morphology and mi-crostructure at hatch, D21, and D35 post hatch, and incidence of tibial dyschondropla-sia at D35 were investigated. Plasma melatonin was measured between embryonic day (E)18.8 and E19.5, and growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I concentrations were measured at hatch. In Chapter 4, production results (chick quality and organ weights at hatch, and post hatch organ weights, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion) are described.
In Chapter 5 and 6, a second experiment with light during incubation is described. Ross 308 eggs were again incubated at 1 of 3 light treatments: 24L, 16h of light, followed by 8h of darkness (16L:8D), or 24D. In Chapter 5, it is described how expression of genes involved in cartilage development and ossification were affected by light in tibias on E13, E17, and moment of hatch. Femur and tibia dimensions were measured at hatch. Pineal melatonin and plasma GH and corticosterone were measured between E18.8 and E19.5.
Embryonic heart rate was measured from E12 till hatching as a reflection of embryonic activity. In Chapter 6, it is described how chickens incubated under the 3 lighting sche-dules were subsequently housed under 24L or 16L:8D from hatching till D35 post hatch.
Gait was scored on D21, D28, and D34. Femur and tibia dimensions, mineral density, mineral content, and incidence and severity of several leg problems were scored on D35.
Production performance data were furthermore recorded weekly.
Chapter 7 describes two experiments where newly hatched Ross 308 chickens were expo-sed to lighting schedules in the brooding phase. From D0.5 till D4 post hatch, chickens were kept under 24L, 2 hours of light, followed by 1 hour of darkness (2L:1D), or 2 hours of light, followed by 6 hours of darkness (2L:6D). Light periods transitioned to dark periods either abruptly or gradually through dimming. Dimming took 3 minutes in the first experiment, and 15 minutes in the second experiment. At D4, femur and tibia dimensions and relative asymmetry were measured. Chicken organ weights and produc-tion performance parameters were recorded.
General introduction
25 | In the general discussion in Chapter 8, results from the experiments are discussed and integrated to gain insight in the overall effect of incubation and post hatch lighting sche-dules on broiler chicken leg bone development and leg bone health. Several physiological pathways are discussed that might explain the results as found in the experiments.
Chapter 1
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General introduction
33 |
Chapter 2
C. W. van der Pol C. W. van der Pol
a HatchTech B.V., PO Box 256, 3900 AG Veenendaal, the Netherlands.
b Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Published: Poultry Science 4210 (2014)
C. W. van der Polab, I. A. M. van Roovert-Reijrinkb, C. M. Maatjensab, I. van den Ankerb, B. Kempb, and H. van den Brandb