CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUALIZING SOCIAL LEARNING, ABSTRACTION, PRAXIS, PRACTICE, AND EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
4.5 Data generation and research methods
4.5.2 A phased approach to data generation
The study was carried out in a typical open mangrove and fisheries environment which allowed research participants to abstract, conceptualise, and represent traditional ecological knowledge at agreed times, sites, and platforms or mediums. ‘Representation’ as presented in the first chapter (see sections 1.7.2 and 1.7.4), refers to giving ‘descriptions’ of ideas, knowledge, or experiences about the research phenomena. Bhaskar affirms that
“descriptions” help critical realist researchers to understand the social world (1986, p. 72), and are therefore an “integral part” of critical realism.
4.5.2 A phased approach to data generation
The study was designed in four phases; in each phase there were processes of data generation. Preliminary analysis was also necessary between phases. The overall study design and the data generation processes are provided below, with a more detailed discussion on the actual use of the data generation methods and analytical processes following.
4.5.2.1 Phase 1: Capturing of ecological knowledge and experiences using abstraction, conceptualisation and representation
This phase focused on capturing data that resulted from processes of abstraction, conceptualisation, and representation among selected mangrove restorers and fishers. In this phase, two open‐ended interview questionnaires, one for fishers and another for mangrove restorers (see section 4.5.3) were prepared and employed in guiding individual abstractions and conceptualisations, and eventually leading the research participants in representing what they knew about the mangrove ecosystem and fisheries that use mangroves as key habitat, shelter, and feeding ground. Open‐ended interview questionnaires were preferred in this particular phase because they are useful in probing people’s experiences (Wilkinson, 2000). The interviews for mangrove restorers (see Appendix 4) captured representations on:
Condition of mangrove resources (health status as physically perceived)
Trends of mangrove resources (over a specified period of time)
Threats to mangrove resources (synchronic and diachronic experience)
Changes observed in the mangrove resources (observable and unobservable and mechanisms that generate them)
The interview for mangrove‐fishers (see Appendix 5) captured representations on:
Condition of fisheries that use mangroves as habitat (as physically perceived)
Dynamics of mangrove based‐fisheries (over a specified period of time)
Threats to mangrove based fisheries (synchronic and diachronic experiences)
Changes in quantity and quality of mangrove‐based fisheries (observable and unobservable and mechanisms that generate them)
Captured representations are reflected in appendices 3, 9, 10 and 11, and discussed in chapters 5, and 7. As stated in section 4.5.3 below, individual interviews for fishers and mangrove restorers culminated in focus group discussions on grounds that are given in the same section.
4.5.2.2 Phase 2: Verification of ecological experiences using Experiential Learning
The second phase of the study was primarily aimed at yielding experiential learning insights from photographic pictures that contained images of mangrove and fisheries species, taken by research participants themselves in the same environment where previous in‐depth interviews had been carried out with them. The purpose here, was to first analyse the manner in which the processes of abstraction and conceptualisation mobilised representation of TEK, and secondly, to verify whether the descriptions that were made earlier using real physical objects of mangroves and fisheries (antitype) varied from those that were made using photographic images (type). Details of the verification and comparative processes are presented in chapter 6 of this study.
4.5.2.3 Phase 3: Investigating historical background of the mangrove and fisheries ecosystems
Investigation of the historical background of the mangrove and fisheries ecosystem as originally planned, sought to involve 8 local elders ‐ 2 from Moa North, 2 from Moa South, 2 from Boma‐Kichakamiba, and 2 from Boma‐Subutuni. The real situation on the ground favoured 2 elders per sub‐site as previously envisaged; with the exception of Boma‐
Subutuni which did not have elders who could meet the study criteria (see Table 4.1). Given the availability of more knowledgeable elders in Moa South, and dwelling in the physical reality that all the above ecological sites lie in a single coastal strip with no significant varying ecological nature and characteristics, the team that assisted the researcher to identify potential research participants (see section 4.4) recommended that 2 more elders from Moa South should be added to the research participants.
Formal individual in‐depth interviews with the selected elders were carried out using an open‐ended interview questionnaire to allow capturing of in‐depth historical ecological data from the identified sources. The interviews for local elders captured in‐depth historical representations of fisheries and mangrove parameters that are presented in section 5.2.9, and also in sections 5.6, 5.2.6.1, and 5.2.6.2). These helped me (as a facilitator and researcher) and other research participants, to understand the trends, condition, threats, and changes that had occurred in the mangrove ecosystem, which are necessary parameters in participatory monitoring of coastal and marine resources (see Wagner et al., 2001), particularly mangroves and fisheries. Moreover, input from the elders also helped me to compile a list of attributes / indicators from different representations (see section 5.2.10), which served as an input for phase (see 4.5.2.4 below).
Data that reflect the investigation of the historical background of the mangrove and fisheries ecosystems are reflected in the all three field‐based chapters (5, 6, and7), since local elders who are a key source of the said data have knowledge and experiences that expands beyond that of other research participants from an historical experiential perspective, as most of these had witnessed and experienced the conditions, threats, trends, and changes of the mangroves ecosystem for more than 30 years.
4.5.2.4 Phase 4: Integrating TEK indicators with scientific indicators
This stage brought together representatives from the three research groups (mangrove restorers, fishers, and elders) from the study area. An arrangement was also made to secure the attendance of scientists from the mangrove regional and local offices, since the event aimed at integrating a new set of TEK indicators with the existing framework of scientific indicators (see section 1.2).
The integration process was preceded by verification of the draft TEK‐ framework by the research participants (at the end of phase 3), which allowed them to interact with the researcher and confirm that the information contained in the new framework was accurately derived from the data and not from researcher’s own perspectives. Both the new and old frameworks of indicators were discussed further in a two day Experiential Learning Intervention Workshop (see section 4.5.3.8), and mirrored thoroughly to retain only meaningful attributes or indicators. In other words, this workshop was regarded as an important ‘filter’ where mangrove restorers, fishers, elders, and local scientists would resolve, re‐describe, retroduce, eliminate, identify, and correct both frameworks (beginning with the scientific framework). As explained earlier in sections 3.3 and applied in chapter 7 the RRREI(C) process was used to produce an integrated set of indicators that may potentially be less reified, congruent to users, and addressing social‐cultural challenges (see section 1.5).
The scientific framework was analysed first in the Experiential Learning Intervention Workshop because it contained more contextual, social, and cultural challenges than the latter (see section 1.4.1). It should also be noted that the latter (TEK framework) had already been verified as explained earlier in this section, and it only required input from invited local scientists and additional input from other participants who were participating in the experiential learning intervention workshop for the first time. Lastly, the new TEK framework was to be used as ‘underlabourer’ for the existing scientific framework (see section 1.6.1). Therefore, it was necessary to first revisit the existing framework for gaps that would require input from the latter (TEK). This process was based on a critical realist principle which states that knowledge at a “new level” may lead to a revision, correction or modification of knowledge at a “previous level” (Bhaskar, 2008, p. 181). At the end of the session, a new set of less reified indicators was suggested and tested in the field, followed by discussions on the usefulness of the ‘new integrated framework’. Feedback from the indicator testing exercise necessitated incorporation of some equipment such as tape measures and weighing scales to assist in establishing the exact size and weight of monitored objects (see section 7.4.6).
Further details on how data was generated in this process framework are provided below.