Bangalore
Pigeonpea cultivars TTB-7, BRG-1 and BRG-2 were grown under three growing environments (sown on 22, 24 and 30 SMW) and three spacing (60 cm x 22.5 cm; 90 cm x 22.5 cm and 120 cm x 22.5 cm) to study the influence of cultivars, spacing and sowing time on yield and growth parameters. The spacing was found to be significant with respect to leaf area (Table 4.19) at 90, 120 DAS and at harvest stage. The third spacing (120 x 22.5 cm) recorded more leaf area compared to first (60 x 22.5 cm) and second spacing (90 x 22.5 cm) at 120 DAS and at harvest stage. Among the varieties, TTB-7 variety recorded significantly more leaf area during all growth stages compared to BRG-1 and BRG-2. The date of sowing had significant influence on the leaf area at all the growth stages. It was noticed that second date of sowing recorded more leaf area at all growth stages except at 90 DAS and at harvest.
Table 4.19: Leaf area (cm2) as influenced by different spacing, varieties and dates of sowing of
Pigeon pea at Bangalore during kharif 2016
Treatment 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 120 DAS Harvest
Spacing S1 (60x22.5) 82.1 614.0 1436.6 1849.7 1297.9 S2 (90x22.5) 77.8 647.6 1702.8 2025.6 1518.3 S3 (120x22.5) 77.7 577.3 1622.7 2391.7 1803.4 Significance NS NS S S S SEm± 3.5 27.3 70.4 76.0 88.9 CD (0.05 P) 10.0 77.4 199.8 215.8 252.4 Varieties V1 (TTB-7) 93.1 704.0 1961.2 2376.5 1764.1 V2 (BRG-1) 75.8 654.5 1408.9 2067.6 1566.1 V3 (BRG-2) 68.8 480.5 1392.0 1822.8 1289.5 Significance S S S S S SEm± 3.5 27.3 70.4 76.0 88.9 CD (0.05 P) 10.0 77.4 199.8 215.8 252.4 Date of sowing D1 (30/5/2016) 62.5 457.7 1376.6 2596.1 2058.1 D2 (16/6/2016) 98.8 741.0 1854.4 2127.9 1521.1 D3 (29/7/2016) 76.3 640.2 1531.1 1543.0 1040.4 Significance S S S S S SEm± 3.5 27.3 70.4 76.0 88.9 CD (0.05 P) 10.0 77.4 199.8 215.8 252.4
The highest average grain yield was observed in the first date of sowing (904.7 kg ha-1) followed by
second and third date sown crop 861 kg ha-1 and 292.5 kg ha-1 respectively (Table 4.20). The lower
grain yield for late sown crop is attributed to prolonged drought situation during pod formation (no rainfall was received). Among varieties BRG-2 and BRG-1 were recorded maximum yield of 867 kg ha-1 and 722 kg ha-1 respectively when compared to TTB-7 with 469 kg ha-1.
Table 4.20: Effect of date of sowing, varieties and spacing on grain yield (kg ha-1) of Pigeon pea
at Bangalore during kharif 2016
Varities S1 (60x22.5) S2 (90x22.5) S3 (120x22.5) TTB-7 (v-1) BRG-1 (v-2) BRG-2 (v-3) Mean TTB-7 (v-1) BRG-1 (v-2) BRG-2 (v-3) Mean TTB-7 (v-1) BRG-1 (v-2) BRG-2 (v-3) Mean D1 (30/5/2016) 530.1 1396.4 1529.6 1152.1 443.5 1166.2 1104.4 904.7 364.3 1287.9 681.4 777.8 D2 (16/6/2016) 622.7 1188.0 767.3 859.3 592.9 782.5 1207.5 861.0 728.5 942.3 764.1 811.6 D3 (29/7/2016) 388.8 473.6 240.1 367.5 369.9 218.5 289.2 292.5 186.4 176.5 173.9 178.9 Mean 513.9 1019.3 845.7 793.0 468.8 722.4 867.0 686.1 426.4 802.2 539.8 589.5 Particulars Spacing (S) Variety (V) DOS SXV SXD VXD SXVXD CV Sem 81.7 81.7 81.7 141.6 141.6 141.6 245.2 61.6 CD (0.05P) 231.9 231.9 231.9 401.7 401.7 401.7 695.8
Spacing S1:60 cm x 22.5 cm, S2:90 cm x 22.5 cm, S3:120 cm x 22.5cm; DOS : Date of Sowing
Soybean
Akola
Soybean cultivars JS-335, JS-9305 and TAMS 98-21 were grown on four growing environments (sown on 26, 27, 28 and 29 SMW) to study the crop weather relationships. Different water use indices across the total growing period of soybean as influenced by different treatments were estimated and the results are presented in Table 4.21.
Table 4.21: Influence of cultivars and growing environments on water use and water
productivity in soybean at Akola during kharif 2016
Treatment Seed yield (kg ha-1) Eta (mm) WP (kg ha-mm-1)
Sowing time 26 SMW (28 June) 2359 328.3 7.19 27 SMW (05 July) 2189 307.4 7.13 28 SMW (14 July) 1531 291.3 5.26 28 SMW (20 July) 1383 275.1 5.03 Variety JS-335 2021 300.1 6.66 JS-9305 1911 297.9 6.34 TAMS-98-21 1665 303.6 5.45
It was observed that crop water use, water productivity and seed yield were highest in crop sown during 26 SMW, followed by crop sown during 27 SMW. Sowing of soybean beyond 5 July causes drastic reduction in yield as well as water productivity. Among the cultivars, JS-335 recorded highest water productivity, crop water use and yield.
Parbhani
A field experiment with split-plot design was taken up during kharif 2016 with four dates of sowing (4, 11, 18 and 25 July 2016) as main plot treatments and four cultivars as sub-plot treatments (MAUS-158, MAUS-71, MAUS-81 and JS-335). Correlation coefficients were worked out between seed yield and phenophase-wise average weather parameters and the results are presented in Table 4.22.
Rainfall showed significant positive correlation with seed yield during emergence to seedling stage, seedling to branching stages and all the three stages from pod development to maturity, for all the four cultivars. But, maximum temperature showed significant negative correlation with seed yield during seedling to branching stage and branching to flowering stage and during pod development to full seed stage. Minimum temperature showed significant positive correlation with seed yield during emergence to seedling, seedling to branching, pod development to full grain and up to dough stage. Number of bright sunshine hours had highly significant positive relationship with yield during flowering to pod formation and seed formation to pod development stages for all the varieties.
Table 4.22: Correlation between seed yield of soybean and phenophase-wise weather variables
prevailed during kharif 2016 at Parbhani
Parameters P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 MAUS 158 Rainfall -0.46** 0.92** 0.61** 0.12 -0.92** 0.25 -0.93** 0.85** 0.74** 0.53** T.max -0.52** 0.34* -.59** -0.56** 0.99** 0.53** 0.86** -0.96** -0.75** 0.73** T.min -0.13 0.79** 0.96** 0.01 -0.42** 0.22 -0.98** 0.99** 0.88** 0.83** BSS hrs/day -0.62** -0.79** -0.84** -0.54** 0.93** -0.52** 0.95** -0.94** -0.71** -0.63** MAUS 71 Rainfall -0.44** 0.91** 0.64** 0.16 -0.91** 0.21 -0.94** 0.82** 0.76** 0.57** T.max -0.56** 0.38* -0.59** -0.60** 0.99** 0.54** 0.88** -0.96** -0.79** 0.69** T.min -0.08 0.78** 0.97** 0.05 -0.41** 0.18 -0.97** 0.99** 0.89** 0.85** BSS hrs/day -0.64** -0.80** -0.84** -0.61** 0.91** -0.49** 0.96** -0.95** -0.75** -0.66** MAUS 81 Rainfall -0.44** 0.95** 0.55** 0.05 -0.94** 0.27 -0.93** 0.88** 0.73** 0.47** Tmax -0.47** 0.31* -0.64** -0.51** 0.99** 0.57** 0.84** -0.97** -0.73** 0.76** Tmin -0.19 0.84** 0.94** -0.01 -0.49** 0.27 -0.97** 0.99** 0.88** 0.79** BSS hrs/day -0.56** -0.82** -0.87** -0.54** 0.95** -0.51** 0.93** -0.95** -0.68** -0.57** JS-335
Rainfall -0.44** 0.92** 0.60** 0.12 -0. 92** 0.23 -0.94** 0.86** 0.75** 0.53**
Tmax -0.52** 0.35* -0.61** -0.57** 0.99** 0.55** 0.87** -0.96** -0.76** 0.72**
Tmin -0.13 0.81** 0.96** 0.02 -0.44** 0.22 -0.97** 0.99** 0.89** 0.83**
BSS hrs/day -0.61** -0.81** -0.85** -0.58** 0.93** -0.51** 0.95** -0.95** -0.72** -0.62**
*Significant at 5% **Significant at 1%
P1- Sowing to emergence P2- Emergence to seedling
P3-Seedling to branching P4-Branching to flowering
P5-Flowering to pod formation P6-Pod formation to grain formation
P7-seed formation to pod development P8-Pod development to pod containing full grain size
P9-Pod containing full grain size to dough stage P10-Dough stage to maturity
Vijayapura
Crop weather relationship studies in soybean was undertaken with a field experiment in RBD with three growing environments or dates of sowings (30 June, 12 July and 2 August 2016) and three cultivars (JS 335, DSb-21 and DSb-23-2). Absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) was measured using a line quantum sensor and the effect of treatments of APAR was studied and the results are presented in Fig. 4.6.
Fig. 4.6: Effect of (A) cultivars and (B) sowing dates on absorbed PAR in soybean at Vijayapura during kharif 2016.
Highest APAR was recorded under second growing environment during flowering, pod formation and pod filling stages, while in seed development stage, the highest APAR was recorded under first growing environment. Among the cultivars, JS 335 recorded highest APAR till seed development stage, while during maturity, the APAR was highest for Dsb-21 and Dsb-23-2.
Jabalpur
Crop weather relationship studies in soybean was undertaken by conducting a field experiment, in which three cultivars (JS-20-29, JS-20-34 and JS-97-52) were subjected to four different growing environments or dates of sowing (17 June, 30 June, 12 July and 26 July 2016). Association between seed yield and absorbed PAR of three cultivars was studied and the results are depicted in Fig. 4.7.
Fig. 4.7: Association of seed yield with APAR of soybean cultivars (A) JS 20-29 (B) JS 20-34 and (C)
JS 97-52 at Jabalpur during kharif 2016
It can be inferred from the figures that an APAR about 200 MJ m-2 was found to be optimum
for achieving higher seed yield in soybean at Jabalpur. The rate of decrease in yield above an APAR value of 200 MJ m-2 was more for cultivar JS 20-34, compared to other two varieties as
Sunflower
Solapur
Crop weather relationship studies in sunflower was undertaken during kharif 2012-16 by sowing three cultivars (Bhanu, MSFH-17 and Phule Raviraj) under three sowing dates (2nd fortnights of
June, July and August). The relationship between consumptive use of moisture and grain yield is depicted in Fig. 4.8.
Fig. 4.8: Relationship between consumptive use of moisture with grain yield in sunflower during kharif 2012-16 at
Solapur
The results indicated that a linear relationship between CUM and grain yield and the correlation was also high (R2 = 0.89). Further the relationship between maximum temperature and minimum
temperature with grain yield was also studied and the results are presented in Fig. 4.9 and 4.10.
Fig. 4.9: Relationship between average seasonal maximum temperature with grain yield in sunflower during kharif
2012-16 at Solapur
The analysis indicated that the seed yield increased up to a maximum temperature value of 32.5 0C and thereafter a decline in yield was observed.
The analysis indicated that the seed yield increased up to a minimum temperature value of 22 0C
Fig. 4.10: Relationship between average seasonal minimum temperature with grain yield in sunflower during kharif
2012-16 at Solapur
Groundnut
Anand
Groundnut cultivars M-335, GG-20 and GG-5 were grown under three growing environments, viz., 4 July, 19 July and 3 August 2016 to study the crop-weather relationships. FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to simulate the average weekly soil moisture at three depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) and it was compared with soil moisture measured by gravimetric method. The results are presented in Fig. 4.11.
The results showed that Cropwat model simulated the total available soil moisture reasonably well, when compared with measured soil moisture in 19 July sown crop. In case of 4 July sown crop, model has overestimated the soil moisture in majority of weeks.
Anantapur
Groundnut cultivars K6, Kadiri Harithandra, Dharani and Anantha were grown under three growing environments 13 July, 21 July and 8 August 2016 to study the crop weather relationships. Water use efficiency for these cultivars under different growing environments and irrigation treatments were estimated. Three protective irrigations (15 mm each) were provided for crops sown during first and second fortnight of July and four protective irrigations (15 mm each) were provided for crops sown during first fortnight of August. The results are presented in Table 4.23. The results indicated that water use efficiency was higher in crops provided with protective irrigation, compared to rainfed groundnut. Crop water use of all the cultivars were high under irrigated condition compared to rainfed crop. Pod yield was also high for irrigated crops than rainfed in all the growing environments. Highest WUE was recorded for crop sown during first fortnight of August for K6, Kadiri Harithandra and Dharani, whereas for Anantha, crop sown during 2nd fortnight of July recorded highest WUE (Table 4.23).
Additional yield obtained per mm of protective irrigation provided for each cultivar under different growing environment was also studied. It was observed that highest magnitude of increase in yield per mm of protective irrigation applied was recorded for crop sown during 1st
fortnight of July for K6, Kadiri Harithandra and Dharani (in the range of 13-21 kg per mm of irrigation) and crop sown during 2nd fortnight of July for Anantha.
Table 4.23: Water use efficiency of groundnut varieties under rainfed and irrigated condition
and growing environments at Anantapur Sowing Environment Rainfall (mm) Protective Irrigation (mm)
Water Use (mm) Pod Yield (kg ha-1)
WUE (kg ha-mm-1)
Additional yield per mm of protective irrigation Rainfed Protective Irrigation Rainfed Protective Irrigation Rainfed Protective Irrigation Rainfed Protective Irrigation Rainfed K6 1st FN of July 249.7 45 249.7 294.7 568 1276 2.3 4.3 15.7 2nd FN of July 249.1 45 249.1 294.1 828 1454 3.3 4.9 13.9 1st FN of August 125.5 60 125.5 185.5 399 1203 3.2 6.5 13.4 Kadiri Harithandra 1st FN of July 249.7 45 249.7 294.7 492 1442 2 4.9 21.1 2nd FN of July 251.9 45 251.9 296.9 648 1472 2.6 5 18.3 1st FN of August 125.5 60 125.5 185.5 382 1018 3 5.5 10.6 Dharani 1st FN of July 249.7 45 249.7 294.7 511 1306 2 4.4 17.7 2nd FN of July 249.1 45 249.1 294.1 780 1403 3.1 4.8 13.8 1st FN of August 125.5 60 125.5 185.5 348 993 2.8 5.4 10.8 Anantha 1st FN of July 249.7 45 249.7 294.7 695 1311 2.8 4.4 13.7 2nd FN of July 249.1 45 249.1 294.1 658 1402 2.6 4.8 16.5 1st FN of August 125.5 60 125.5 185.5 376 846 3 4.6 7.8
Cotton
Akola
Three cotton cultivars [AKH-081 (G. hirsutum type); AKA-7 (G. arboreum type) and Balwan NCS 8899 BG-II (Bt Cotton type)] were grown with three planting densities (60 x 10 cm, 75 x 10 cm and 90 x 10 cm) to study the effect of cultivars and spacing on radiation interception and transmission. Incident and transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured using line quantum sensor and the results are presented in Table 4.24.
Table 4.24: Fraction of intercepted and transmitted PAR as influenced by different treatments
in cotton at Akola during kharif 2016
Treatment FIPAR60 DAEFTPAR FIPAR90 DAEFTPAR FIPAR120 DAEFTPAR
Genotype AKH 081 0.60 0.40 0.69 0.31 0.72 0.28 AKA 7 0.51 0.49 0.63 0.37 0.69 0.31 Balwan 0.63 0.37 0.70 0.30 0.74 0.26 Population density 60 x 10 cm 0.64 0.36 0.72 0.28 0.75 0.25 75 x 10 cm 0.56 0.44 0.67 0.33 0.72 0.28 90 x 10 cm 0.55 0.45 0.65 0.35 0.69 0.31
Fraction of intercepted PAR (FIPAR) increased and fraction of transmitted PAR decreased with increased plant density at all the three stages of crop, viz., 60, 90 and 120 days after emergence. Fraction of intercepted PAR was more in Bt cotton Balwan followed by hirsutum (AKH-081) and arboreum (AKA-7) cotton varieties. Transmitted PAR was maximum in AKA-7 and minimum under Bt cotton Balwan followed by hirsutum (AKH-081). Increased light interception by the high density planting treatment was partly offset by the poorer light distribution in the canopy. Further, by studying the relationship between FIPAR and LAI, the light extinction coefficients for three cultivars was characterized and is presented in Fig. 4.12.
Fig. 4.12: Light extinction coefficients determined by analyzing the relationship between FIPAR and LAI in three
cotton varieties at Akola
The results indicated that light extinction coefficient varied among the cotton varieties (0.13 for AKH-081, 0.18 for AKA-7 and 0.10 for Balwan).
Parbhani
Three hybrids of Bt cotton (Ajit 155, Rasi 2 and Mallika) were exposed to three different set of weather conditions by sowing them on four dates (22 and 29 June; 6 and 13 July 2016) to study the crop weather relationship in cotton. Correlations between seed cotton yield and phenophase- wise weather parameters prevailed during crop growing season were worked out and the results are presented in Table 4.25.
The most critical growth stages for rainfall influencing the cotton yield are seedling to square formation (P3), flowering to boll setting (P5) and boll setting to boll bursting (P6) in all the three cultivars.
Table 4.25: Correlation coefficients between weather parameters prevailed in different
phenophases and yield of three cotton varieties at Parbhani during kharif 2016
Ajit 155 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Rainfall (mm) 0.49 0.69* 0.86** -0.83** 0.14 0.99** 0.63* - - - T.max (0C) 0.23 0.88** -0.59* -0.25 0.97** -0.96** 0.99** -0.32 0.42 -0.99** T.min (0C) 0.77** 0.84** 0.87** 0.15 -0.24 0.98** 0.98** 0.44 -0.95** -0.99** BSS (hrs/day) -0.25 -0.79** -0.78 -0.67 0.72* -0.96** -0.63* 0.39 -0.59* -0.96** Rashi 2 Rainfall (mm) 0.20 0.51 0.95** -0.96** 0.38 0.95** 0.59* - - - T.max (0C) 0.37 0.98** -0.77** -0.21 0.92** -0.89** 0.94** -0.59* 0.14 -0.96** T.min (0C) 0.88** 0.67* 0.68* 0.04 0.08 0.91** 0.94** 0.48 -0.93** -0.94** BSS (hrs/day) -0.11 -0.87** -0.92** -0.53 0.46 -0.83** -0.59* 0.54 -0.42 -0.99** Mallika Rainfall (mm) 0.38 0.65* 0.89** -0.89** 0.29 0.99** 0.58* - - - T.max (0C) 0.25 0.94** -0.70* -0.18 0.94** -0.95** 0.99** -0.47 0.28 -0.99** T.min (0C) 0.81** 0.75** 0.80** 0.05 -0.09 0.97** 0.96** 0.42 -0.97** -0.98** BSS (hrs/day) -0.23 -0.81** -0.87** -0.58 0.59* -0.92** -0.57 0.50 -0.56 -0.98**
* = Significant at 5% level, ** = Significant at 1% level
P1 = Sowing to emergence, P2 = Emergence to seedling, P3 = Seedling to square formation
P4 = Square formation to flowering, P5 = Flowering to boll setting, P6 = Boll setting to boll bursting,
P7 = Boll bursting to 1
st picking, P
8 = IInd picking, P9 = IIIrd picking, P10 = IVth picking
Seed cotton yield was significantly and positively associated with maximum temperature during emergence to seeding, flowering to boll setting (P5) and boll bursting to first picking (P7) for all the three hybrids. Yield showed significant negative correlation with rainfall during square formation to flowering for all the three hybrids. Significant negative correlation of yield with seedling to square formation and boll setting to boll bursting stages for all the three hybrids was also observed.