PUBESCENS
Liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP)
Results of the chronic toxicity study on the ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens are presented in Figures 26, showing effects of the plant on liver enzymes ALT, AST and ALP levels.
All data were analyzed using One-way Anova, followed by multiple comparism using Bonferroni, and data were considered significant at p<0.05. *p<0.05 shows that it was significant, and **P<0.05 shows that it was more significant.
Result from Figure 26 showed that for ALT, there was a significant increase in group 2 (92.50±3.22), 3 (119.00±1.95), and 4 (121.00±2.10) when compared to group 1 (41.25±2.92).
For AST, there was a significant increase in group 2 (79.50±6.60), 3 (135.00±5.40), and 4 (233.75±11.43) when compared to group 1 (28.00±1.47). For ALP, there was a significant increase in group 2 (95.00±9.12), 3 (151.50±6.30), and 4 (242.75±10.60) when compared to group 1 (54.25±1.79).
Kidney Markers (Urea and Creatinine)
Toxicity of the plant on the kidney was also studied. The effect of the plant on urea and creatinine levels is presented in Figure 27. All data were analyzed using one-way Anova, followed by multiple comparism using Bonferroni, and data were considered significant at p<0.05. *p<0.05 shows that it was significant, and **p<0.05 shows that it was more significant.
Result from Figure 27 showed that there was an increase in urea level when comparing group 1 (44.8±1.73) to group 2 (82.25 ±5.85), group 3 (132.50±3.22), and group 4 (215.00 ±1.90), but the increase was significant. For creatinine level, there was an increase when comparing group 1
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(54.00 ±3.18) to group 2 (100.00±7.35), group 3 (138.75±5.54), and group 4 (228.75±13.28), but the increase was significant.
Hematological parameters (RBCs, Hemoglobin, Packed cell volume, WBCs and Platelets
Effect of the plant on hematological parameters such as the red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells and platelets were studied and results are presented in Figures 28-31. All data were analyzed using One-way Anova, followed by multiple comparism using Bonferroni, and data were considered significant at p<0.05. *p<0.05 shows that it was significant, and **p<0.05 shows that it was more significant.
From Figure 28, it can be seen that there was an increase in RBC level in group 2 (5.05±0.11), 3 (5.00±0.04), and 4 (6.75±0.10) when compared to group 1 (4.74±0.09), but the increase was only significant in group 4 while that of group 2 and 3 was not significant. For hemoglobin level (Figure 30), there was an increase in group 2 (12.00±0.40), 3 (13.50±0.64), and 4 (15.50±0.65) when compared to group 1 (11.00±0.40), but the increase was only significant in group 3 and 4 while that of group 2 was not significant.
For packed cell volume (Figure 29), there was an increase in group 2 (42.25±1.37), 3 (44.25±1.31), and 4 (47.75±0.47) when compared to group 1 (41.00±0.91), but the increase was only significant in group 4 while that of group 2 and 3 was not significant.
Result from Figure 30 shows that there was an increase in WBC level in group 2 (7.02±0.07), 3 (7.22±0.10), and 4 (7.77±0.26) when compared to group 1 (6.45±0.15), but the increase was significant in group 3 and 4 while that of group 2 was not significant.
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For platelet count (Figure 31), there was an increase in group 2 (257.50±3.22), 3(274.25±4.97), and 4 (286.25±5.54), when compared to group 1 (236.25±2.39), but the increase was significant across the treatment groups.
Body Weight
The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on Body weight is presented in Figure 32. All data were analyzed using Student dependent T-test and data were considered significant at p<0.05. *p<0.05 shows that it was significant, and **p<0.05 shows that it was more significant.
Results presented in Figure 32 shows that there was an increase in the body weight in group 1 when comparing the initial weight (145.00 ±2.88) and final weight (195.00±13.22), but it was significant. For group 2, there was a significant increase in the body weight when comparing the Initial (170.00±4.08) and Final (227.50±11.08) body weight. For group 3, there was a significant increase in the body weight when comparing the Initial (165.00±6.45) and Final (212.50±6.29) body weight. For group 4, there was a significant increase in the body weight when comparing the Initial (177.50±4.78) and Final (235.00±6.45) body weight.
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Figure 26: The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on ALT, AST and ALP levels
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Figure 27: The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on urea and creatinine level 0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
UREA (mmol/L) CREATININE (umol/L)
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Figure 28: The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on RBC and hemoglobin level 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
RBC (X 1o^6/μL) HEMOGLOBIN (g/dL)
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Figure 29: The effect of Ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on PCV level
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Figure 30: The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on WBC level 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
WBC (x 10^9/L)
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Figure 31: Effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on platelet count level 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
PLATELET (x 10^9/L)
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Fig ure 32: The effect of ethyl acetate fraction of B. pubescens on body weight 0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
INITIAL FINAL
159 4.7.1 Histopathological findings
Photomicrographs showing the histology of the normal and treated cells of the kidney are presented in Figure 33 (A-D).
In Figure 33 (A), the photomicrograph shows the normal histology of the kidney. The glomeruli were evenly distributed and of similar size, density of up to 32 per HPF with normal mesangial cellularity. There are numerous open glomerular capillaries, and normal endothelium. The tubules are of normal density and tubular epithelium is viable.
Figure 33 (B) is a photomicrograph showing the glomeruli of similar size, density of up to 30 per HPF with mild mesangial hypercellularity consisting of proliferating mesangial cells. There are few open glomerular capillaries, and normal endothelium. The tubules are of normal density and tubular epithelium is viable. The interstitium is thin and there is mild interstitial.
In Figure 33 (C), the photomicrographs indicates that the glomeruli are of mildly variable size, density of up to 33 per HPF with normal mesangial cellularity. There are many open glomerular capillaries, and normal endothelium. The tubules are of normal density and tubular epithelium is viable. The interstitium is thin and there is mild interstitial.
In Figure 33 (D), the photomicrographs shows the glomeruli are of similar size, density of up to 30 per HPF with mild mesangial hypercellularity consisting of proliferating mesangial cells.
There are few open glomerular capillaries, and normal endothelium. The tubules are of normal density and tubular epithelium is viable. The interstitium is thin and there is mild interstitial.
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A: Photomicrograph of the kidney cells B: Photomicrograph of the kidney cells
(Group 1; Control) (Group 2; 250mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction)
C: Photomicrograph of the kidney cells D: Photomicrograph of the kidney cells
(Group 3; 500mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction) (Group 4; 1000mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction) Figure 33: Photomicrographs showing the histology of the normal and treated cells of the kidney. Stained by H&E Technique.
X400.Where G= Glomeruli, M= Mesangium, T= Tubule.
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Also, photomicrographs showing the histology of the normal and treated cells of the liver are presented in Figure 34 (A-D)
In Figure 34 (A), the photomicrograph shows a well preserved liver architecture. The centrallobular vein marked by (black arrow), portal triads evenly spaced marked by (yellow arrow), liver sinusoids (marked by blue arrows), hepatocytes cells (marked by green arrow), erythrocyte cells (marked by orange arrow) and nuclei (marked by grey arrows) with evidence of free anastomsing peri-portal limiting plates.
In Figure 34 (B), the central vein marked by (Yellow arrow) showed mild congested blood vessels, the portal triad marked by (Black arrow) shrinkage of cells, proliferation of liver cells with blood filled liver sinusoids (marked by blue arrow), Mild lobular inflammation marked by (Green arrows), Mild Necrosis marked by (Orange arrows).
Figure 34 (C) displays a well preserved liverarchitecture. The portal are evenly spaced around the central vein marked by (Blue arrows), the central vein showing mild congested blood vessels marked by (Black Arrows), and Occasional lobular inflammation without confluent necrosis marked by (White arrows).
In Figure 34 (D), the central vein with portal triads evenly spaced with mild peri-portal inflammation marked by (Blue arrows), Mild necrosis marked by (Black arrows), No lobular inflammation marked by (White arrows).
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A: Photomicrograph of the liver cells B: Photomicrograph of the liver cells
(Group 1, control) (Group 2, 250mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction)
C: Photomicrograph of the liver cells D: Photomicrograph of the liver cells
(Group 3; 500mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction) (Group 4; 1000mg/Kg of B. pubescens ethyl acetate fraction) Figure 34: Photomicrographs showing the histology of the normal and treated cells of the liver. Stained by H & E (X 100)
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4.8 ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITIES OF SUB-FRACTIONS OF B. PUBESCENS