Chapter'1:'Robbery'in'General!
POINTS' I.'Elements:'(VIC)'
there! he! raped! her! without! the! knowledge! of! his!
companions,!he!alone!is!guilty!of!robbery!with!rape.!
• The! use! of! unlicensed! firearm! is! not! a! special! aggravating!
circumstance!in!robbery!with!rape!or!intentional!mutilation,!
and!in!robbery!with!physical!injuries!defined!in!subdivision' 1'of'Article'263.'
• In! robbery! defined! in! any! of! the! paragraphs' 3,' 4,' and' 5' of' Article' 294,! perpetrated! by! a! band! using! unlicensed!
firearms,! the! penalty! is! the! maximum! of! the! maximum!
period! of! the! proper! penalty.! It! is! not! an! aggravating!
circumstance.!
!
Article'297'–'Attempted'and'frustrated'robbery'committed'under' certain'circumstances'
When' by' reason' or' on' occasion' of' an' attempted' or' frustrated' robbery' a' homicide' is' committed,' the' person' guilty' of' such' offenses'shall'be'punished'by'reclusion'temporal'in'its'maximum' period'to'reclusion'perpetua,'unless'the'homicide'committed'shall' deserve'a'higher'penalty'under'the'provisions'of'this'Code.'
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POINTS' I.'“Homicide'is'committed”'
• The!term!homicide!in!Article'297!is!used!in!a!generic!sense.!
Hence,!it!includes!multiple!homicides,!murder,!parricide,!or!
even!infanticide.!!
• As!long!as!homicide!is!committed!by!reason!or!on!occasion!
of! an! attempted! or! frustrated! robbery,! the! penalty! of!
reclusion! temporal! in! its! maximum! period! to! reclusion!
perpetua!shall!be!imposed.!!
!
II.'“Unless'the'homicide'committed'shall'deserve'a'higher'penalty”'
• If! in! an! attempted! or! frustrated! robbery,! the! killing! of! the!
victim! is! qualified! by! treachery! or! relationship,! the! proper!
penalty!for!murder!or!parricide!shall!be!imposed!because!it!
is!more!severe.!!
• Attempted!or!Frustrated!Robbery!with!homicide!are!special!
complex! crimes! not! governed! by! Article' 48,! but! by! the!
special!provisions!of!Articles'294'and'297,!respectively.!!
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III.'Applicability'of'Article'48'in'robbery'
• When! is! Article' 48! applicable! in! robbery?! If! attempted! or!
frustrated! robbery! with! serious! physical! injuries,! Article' 48!
is! applicable,! since! the! felony! would! fall! neither! under!
Article' 294! which! covers! consummated! robbery! with!
homicide!nor!under!Article'297!which!covers!attempted!or!
frustrated!robbery!with!homicide.!!
• There!is!only!one!crime!of!attempted!robbery!with!homicide!
even! if! slight! physical! injuries! were! inflicted! on! other!
persons!on!the!occasion!or!by!reason!of!the!robbery.!
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ARTICLE' 298' C' Execution' of' deeds' by' means' of' violence' or' intimidation.'
Any' person' who,' with' intent' to' defraud' another,' by' means' of' violence' or' intimidation,' shall' compel' him' to' sign,' execute' or' deliver'any'public'instrument'or'documents,'shall'be'held'guilty'of' robbery' and' punished' by' the' penalties' respectively' prescribed' in' this'Chapter.'
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POINTS' I.'Elements:'(VIC)'
1. That!the!offender!has!intent!to!defraud!another.!
2. That! the! offender! compels! him! to! sign,! execute! or! deliver!
any!public!instrument!or!document.!
3. That!the!compulsion!is!by!means!of!violence!or!intimidation.!
!
• If! the! violence! used! resulted! in! the! death! of! the! person! to!
be! defrauded,! the! crime! is! robbery! with! homicide! and! the!
penalty! as! prescribed! in! par.' 1' of' Article' 294! shall! be!
imposed.!
• If!the!execution!of!deeds!by!means!of!violence!is!only!in!the!
!
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attempted! or! frustrated! stage! and! the! violence! resulted! in!
the! death! of! the! person! to! be! defrauded,! the! penalty!
prescribed!in!Article'297!shall!be!imposed.!
• Must! the! document! be! public?! The! adjective! “public”!
describes! the! word! “instrument”! only.! Hence,! this! article!
applies!even!if!the!document!signed,!executed!or!delivered!
is!a!private!or!commercial!document.!
• Article'298!is!not!applicable!if!the!document!is!void.!
• When! the! offended! party! is! under! obligation! to! sign,!
execute,!or!deliver!the!document!under!the!law,!there!is!no!
robbery.!
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Section'2'–'Robbery'by'use'of'force'upon'things'
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I.'Robbery'by'the'use'of'force'upon'things'is'committed'when:' 1. The! offender! entered! a! house! or! building! by! any! of! the!
means!specified!in!Article!299'or'Article'302,!or!
2. Even! if! there! was! no! entrance! by! any! of! those! means,! he!
broke! a! wardrobe,! chest,! or! any! other! kind! of! locked! or!
closed! or! sealed! furniture! or! receptacle! in! the! house! or!
building,! or! he! took! it! away! to! be! broken! or! forced! open!
outside.!
!
I.'Two'kinds'of'robbery'with'force'upon'things:'
1. Robbery!in!an!inhabited!house!or!public!building!or!edifice!
devoted!to!religious!worship.!(Article'299)!
2. Robbery! in! an! uninhabited! place! or! in! a! private! building!
(Article! 302).! One! essential! requisite! of! robbery! with! force!
upon! things! under! Article! 299! and! 302! is! that! the!
malefactor!should!enter!the!building!or!dependency!where!
the!object!to!be!taken!is!found.!
!
Article' 299' C' Robbery' in' an' inhabited' house' or' public' building' or' edifice'devoted'to'worship.'
Any' armed' person' who' shall' commit' robbery' in' an' inhabited'
house' or' public' building' or' edifice' devoted' to' religious' worship,' shall' be' punished' by' reclusion' temporal,' if' the' value' of' the' property'taken'shall'exceed'250'pesos,'and'if:'
(a)'The'malefactors'shall'enter'the'house'or'building'in'which'the' robbery'was'committed,'by'any'of'the'following'means:'
1.'Through'a'opening'not'intended'for'entrance'or'egress.'
2.' By' breaking' any' wall,' roof,' or' floor' or' breaking' any' door' or' window.'
3.'By'using'false'keys,'picklocks'or'similar'tools.'
4.'By'using'any'fictitious'name'or'pretending'the'exercise'of'public' authority.'
' Or'if'—'
(b)' The' robbery' be' committed' under' any' of' the' following' circumstances:'
1.'By'the'breaking'of'doors,'wardrobes,'chests,'or'any'other'kind' of'locked'or'sealed'furniture'or'receptacle;'
2.'By'taking'such'furniture'or'objects'to'be'broken'or'forced'open' outside'the'place'of'the'robbery.'
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When' the' offenders' do' not' carry' arms,' and' the' value' of' the' property' taken' exceeds' 250' pesos,' the' penalty' next' lower' in' degree'shall'be'imposed.'
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The'same'rule'shall'be'applied'when'the'offenders'are'armed,'but' the'value'of'the'property'taken'does'not'exceed'250'pesos.'
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When' said' offenders' do' not' carry' arms' and' the' value' of' the' property' taken' does' not' exceed' 250' pesos,' they' shall' suffer' the' penalty' prescribed' in' the' two' next' preceding' paragraphs,' in' its' minimum'period.'
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If' the' robbery' be' committed' in' one' of' the' dependencies' of' an' inhabited'house,'public'building,'or'building'dedicated'to'religious' worship,'the'penalties'next'lower'in'degree'than'those'prescribed'
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in'this'article'shall'be'imposed.' '
POINTS'
Robbery'with'force'upon'things'under'Subdivision'A:'' '
I.'Elements'
1. That! the! offender! entered! (a)! an! inhabited! place,! or! (b)!
public!building,!or!(c)!edifice!devoted!to!religious!worship.!
2. That! the! entrance! was! effected! by! any! of! the! following!
means:!
a. Through! an! opening! not! intended! for! entrance! or!
egress!
b. By!breaking!any!wall,!roof,!or!floor,!or!breaking!any!
door!or!window!
c. By!using!false!keys,!picklocks!or!similar!tools!
d. By! using! any! fictitious! name! or! pretending! the!
exercise!of!public!authority!
3. That! once! inside! the! building,! the! offender! took! personal!
property!belonging!to!another!with!intent!to!gain.!
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II.'FIRST'REQUISITE:'Entered.'
• The! offender! must! “enter! the! house! or! building”.! If! the!
offender!merely!inserted!his!hand!through!an!opening!in!the!
wall!or!used!a!pole!to!get!the!clothes!inside!the!room,!the!
crime!is!theft,!not!robbery.!
• The!facts!must!show!that!the!accused!entered!the!dwelling!
house! or! building! by! any! of! the! means! enumerated! in!
Subdivision' A! of! Article! 299.! The! reason! for! this! ruling! is!
that!one!of!the!elements!of!robbery!under!Article'299!states!
that!the!entrance!is!effected!by!any!of!the!means!described!
in!Subdivision'A.!
• Where!the!manner!of!entrance!was!not!proven,!the!crime!is!
theft! and! not! robbery.! This! ruling! applies! where! both! the!
outside! door! and! window! are! open,! so! that! it! is! possible!
that! the! accused! might! have! passed! through! the! door.! In!
entering! the! building,! the! offender! must! have! an! intention!
to! take! personal! property.! If! there! is! no! evidence! to! show!
that! the! intention! of! the! accused! was! to! commit! robbery,!
the!crime!committed!is!attempted!trespass!to!dwelling.!
• The! place! entered! must! be! a! house! or! building.! An!
automobile!is!not!a!house!or!a!building.!
• Inhabited)house!!!is!any!shelter,!ship,!or!vessel!constituting!
the! dwelling! of! one! or! more! persons! even! though! the!
inhabitants! thereof! are! temporarily! absent! when! the!
robbery!is!committed.!
• Public) building! !! is! every! building! owned! by! the!
Government! or! belonging! to! a! private! person! but! used! or!
rented!by!the!govt.,!although!temporarily!unoccupied!by!the!
same.! What! makes! a! building! public! is! not! its! inauguration!
but!the!fact!the!State!or!its!agencies!have!title!thereto.!
• Any!of!the!four!means!described!in!Subdivision'A!of!Article!
299!must!be!resorted!to!by!the!offender!to!enter!a!house!or!
building,!not!to!get!out.!
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II.'SECOND'REQUISITE:'Entered'through'one'not'for'such'purpose' A.'Through'an'opening'not'intended'for'entrance'or'egress'
• The!window!or!a!hole!through!the!wall!already!in!existence!
is!not!intended!for!entrance!or!egress.!If!the!culprit!enters!
through! such! opening! and! once! inside! he! takes! personal!
property! belonging! to! the! occupants! therein,! the! crime! is!
robbery.!
• The!whole!body!of!the!culprit!must!be!inside!the!building!to!
constitute!entering.!When!only!his!hand!is!introduced,!there!
is!no!robbery.!
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B.' By' breaking' any' wall,' roof,' or' floor,' or' breaking' any' door' or' window'
• The!force!used!must!be!actual.!
• The! wall! must! be! an! outside! wall! and! not! a! wall! between!
rooms! because! the! breaking! must! be! for! the! purpose! of!
!
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entering!the!house!or!building.!
• The!outside!door!must!be!broken.!Where!the!door!itself!was!
intact,! and! entered! by! removing! the! hinges! or! hooks,! the!
crime! was! simple! theft.! Where! the! entrance! is! effected!
through! a! means! intended! for! entrance! or! egress,! there!
must!be!an!actual!breaking!or!smashing.!
• Door! !! refers! to! an! outside! door.! It! can! be! no! other! than!
the!main!or!back!door.!
• Exception:!If!the!place!is!a!dormitory!or!a!condominium,!the!
mere! breaking! of! doors! –! even! though! indoor! –! are!
considered! as! robbery! since! these! separate! one! dwelling!
from!another.!
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C.'By'using'false'keys,'picklocks,'or'similar'tools'
• False! keys! are! genuine! keys! stolen! from! the! owner! or! any!
keys!other!than!those!intended!by!the!owner!for!use!in!the!
lock! forcibly! opened! by! the! offender.! Picklocks! are! those!
specially!adopted!to!the!commission!of!robbery.!
• The!genuine!key!must!be!stolen,!not!taken!by!force!or!with!
intimidation.!Where!the!offenders!intimidated!the!inmates,!
the!crime!was!robbery!with!intimidation!of!persons.!
• The!false!key!or!picklock!must!be!used!to!enter!the!building!
and!not!open!a!trunk!or!open!the!drawer!of!a!cabinet.!
• It!is!only!theft!when!the!false!key!is!used!to!open!wardrobe!
or!locked!receptacle!or!drawer!or!inside!door.!
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D.'The'use'of'fictitious'name'or'the'act'of'pretending'to'exercise' authority'must'be'to'enter'the'building'
• Ex:! When! robbers! represented! themselves! as! detectives! by!
displaying!metal!badges!and!once!inside,!took!the!money!of!
the!offended!party.!!
• Using! fictitious! names! must! be! the! efficient! cause! of! the!
opening! by! the! offended! party! of! the! door! of! his! house! to!
the!accused.!
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III.'Other'Notes:'
• A!enters!the!house!through!the!door!(which!was!open),!and!
kicked!open!the!locked!master’s!bedroom.!A!did!not!have!to!
forcibly!open!the!safe.!Robbery!under!subparagraph!A?!' o NO.!It’s!theft!aggravated!by!breaking!of!a!door.'
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